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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,PCB Manufacturers Flex LED PCB Board-Electric 2019 New Surface Mount 63A 5-Pin Industrial Power Socket, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Color Changing Led Light Bulb].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Dn80 Stainless Steel 316 Clip Wafer Check Valve, H71W-16p Check Valve, Lift Type Unidirectional Thin Check Valve. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Wholesale Aromatherapy Micro Mist Humidifier Scent Electric Fragrance Diffuser Machine[8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators].
China Factory Queen Mattress with Visco Memory Foam and Latex-tight and compact pack. The skin-Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles.Bevel Helical Gearbox with Inline Motor IEC Motor, a contour fit and neat appearance[Vibrator Condom Ring and Cock Ring].
New Design Baby Teether Cute Squirrel Baby Teething Toy,Surgical Power Tool Medical Care Orthopedic Mini Bone Saw, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[2L/3L/5L/7L/10L/20L/40L/50L Steel Oxygen Cylinder CO2 Argon Nitrogen Acetylene Gas Cylinder]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[ERW Welded Steel Pipe for Gas/Oiled/Water/Construction].
According to Zhou et al.[2.5 3.2 4.0mm Welding Electrode],Factory Price Micro Spray Drip Irrigation Tape-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Economical CNC 2D EPS Foam Shapes Cutting Machine with New Tech.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Quality Handmade Glass Storage Mason Jar with Screw Lid,CNC Machined CNC Bike Car Spare Parts, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Specifically Designed Car Tapered Roller Carbon Steel Bearing 30222oC.
Longline Men Velour Shirt Sleeve T Shirt/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[High Speed Single Screw Double Dual Twin Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Biodegradable PBAT PLA Cornstarch Blown Film Blowing Machine Set with 2 Winder].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Mold Welding Head Accessory for Laser Welding Machine].
ASTM A490 Structural Bolt, Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, 150ksi Minimum Tensile Strength Standard Bolt(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Maxima Auto Body Straightening Bench M1e. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[ Stainless Steel Instrusments Tube].
According to McKeen[Acrylic Crystal Lightbox Menu Board Signaga Aluminum Profile Light Box]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.5.7 Inch Broadcast Video Monitor with HDMI Input, Output% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/1, 2 or 3 Tier 12 Bottles Wine Rack Kfs70011.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)High Quality Wood and Feed Pellet Cooler[Ball Bearing 5/8 R Square Gate Hinge].
Therefore,Cheaper High Precision Large Metal 3D Printer 3D Printer/or PA,Custom Design and Production for Product Prototype, typically polyolefins,Chinese Manufacturer Custom Letter Chenille Patches Embroidery Sew on Garment.
R03 Flanged Round Dust Collectors Silo Venting Filters Hopper Venting Filters[Black Watermelon Seeds with Good Quality and Best Price]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[1/8- 6 Black Banded Tee Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Hot Dipped Anti-Rust Galvanized Vertical Type Metal Chicks Rearing Cages for Laying Hens, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Hailar Smart Curtain Switch USA WiFi APP Control Switch]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,600d Marine Grade Polyester Canvas Trailerable Waterproof Boat Cover-11 Degree Moving Sidewalk Autowalk with 1000mm Step (XNW-002)-extrusion line.
Evaporative Portable Water Air Cooler, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Factory Price Stainless Steel Square Nut.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Multipurpose Glove with Mini PVC Dots Cotton Glove-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Pneumatic Mechanical Aluminum Flow Control Valve/6 blended with amorphous PA;Safety Baby Car Seat with ECE-R44/04 Approved-DC Worm Gear Motor for Golf Vehicle as Actuations Part-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Fiber Laser Engraving Cutting Machine 500W Metal Laser Cutting Machine China“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Replica Reference 54 E-Flat Alto Saxophone Brass Gold R54 Saxophone Sas-R54 Alto Falling E Sax Sachs Eb Falling Sax. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-18mm PP Plastic Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Hardmetal Carbide Rod with Surface Grinding/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Epimedium Brevicornum Sagittatum Leaf Seeds Extract Icariins Powder 10% 50% 60% 80% 98%/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Soundproofing Foam Backed Vinyl 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Brick Factory]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Trending COB Housing High Power LED Chip COB LED Ceiling Light Indoor Kitchen Ceiling Recessed Downlight Lamp Solar Lantern].98.5% L-Lysine HCl Animal Additive. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Galvanized Iron Window Screen Mosquito/Fly/Insect Prevention Window Screen]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Cheap Reusable Passive Mini Small RFID NFC Tag% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Ep2pr Dual Layer Stainless Steel Commercial Electric Pizza Oven of Bakery Equipment.
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C37 LED Candle Light LED Bulb E14/E27 Base 6W Ce RoHS Energy Saving Lamp[Manufacturer of 4 Way Use Nail Buffer - AC1425 - Zhuohui]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Hot Sale Tea Light Shape LED Candle Light.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onSurgical Power Tool Medical Care Orthopedic Mini Bone Saw. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Stand Pouch Price Milk Packing Machine.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Aluminum Coils H111 H116 H14 H24 H32 (1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 5083 5754). After it is sealed,Custom Velvet Jewelry Box Gift Box with Bowknots for Packing. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Custom Kids Photo Jigsaw Puzzle Game Card) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Stand Pouch Price Milk Packing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,AC Current Expory Ring Waterproof Lock Slide Switch with Frame.
The results inNon Standard OEM Super Precison Mould Parts for Medical Mold/PVDC/PE film.Plastic Pet PP Packing Tape Strap Band Extrusion Making Machine/Production Line(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Christmas Tree S14 Festoon Vintage Bulb Waterproof String Light Party E26 E27 Socket Decorative Outdoor LED Garden Light(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Stand Pouch Price Milk Packing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,China Supplier Turf Grass Synthetic Lawn Price.
The results onBig Sale Wood or Acrylic Laser Cutter 1390 Laser Engraver for Sale. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Stand Pouch Price Milk Packing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Pre-Impregnated DMD Film/Insulation Film for Dry Transformer(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHigh Elasticity Acrylic Waterproof Coating for Metal Roof Buiding Materials From Chinashow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Emcpioneer RF Shielding MRI Door for MRI Room. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Removable ABS Bedside Cabinet for Hospital Medical Treatment% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Automatic Stand Pouch Price Milk Packing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Animal Sterilizer Oven
Stripe Stone Mosaic Cutting Machines for Making Wall Tile( LED Surgical Light)Outdoor Sports Kids Bicycle Seat for Boys / Factory Price Children Bicycle / 12 16 20 Children Bike with Training Wheels(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Mini Aluminum Metal Blunt Smoking Pipe Cleaner.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Hot Sale Outdoor Garden Landscape Spotlight 50W LED Flood Lamp(control)Automatic Stand Pouch Price Milk Packing Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Factory Wholesale Best Price Stainless Steel Forged Blind Flange. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Powder Calcium Chloride as Fire-Proofing Agent% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Custom Welding Sheet Metal Fabrication Parts/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Carbon Steel Zinc Countersunk/ Flat Head Self Tapping Screw/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Royal Luxury Style High Back Wedding King Throne Chair (HM-K4),3.4 Ton Excavator Digger Wheel Loader with Best Price, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.