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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Blue White Orange Color Desiccant Silica Gel-PC Series Stone Hammer Crusher, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Custom Sealed Paper Tube Tea Packaging Paper Box Food Packaging Box Cannister Package].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,3600watts I-Tech 18000 Power Audio Amplifier DJ Amplifier Price. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Rg59 Rg58 Rg11 CCTV Cable Security Camera/Cable Coaxial /Antenna TV[Wholesale The Warp Knitting Other Metrail Sports Custom Polyester Scarf].
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Customized Forklift Accessories in Investment /Lost Wax/Precision Casting,Facroty Price CNC Horizontal Type Aluminum and UPVC Window Door Bending Machine Window Machine, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Cut out 8.8 IP67 LED Incandescent Neon Home Appliance 12V 24V 125V 230V 400V Red Amber Green Signal Indicator Light]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Men Women Spring Hinges Reading Glasses Classic Real Wood Finish Readers +1.0~+4.0 Plastic Eyeglasses].
According to Zhou et al.[4in1 Indoor Led Par],Wholesale Hot Sale Disposable Vape Pen Pod System Vaporizer Electronic Cigarette-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Lush Ice Mango Mint Great Taste Custom Pod Electronic Cigarette Disposable.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Blt Running Style Casual Shoe for Men,E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Fully Automatic Battery Cage for LayeroC.
Nice Design Wall Plate Furniture Socket Lgt-Ws02/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[EMI EMC RF Shielding Room MRI Door].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Lathe Machine Tools Made by Mitsubishi Are as High Quality as You Always Can See Your Cutting Process Highly Progressing].
Gas Piston Gas Strut Gas Spring 450n for Trailer(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)92%&95% Alumina Ceramic Abrasive Resistant Tube. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Bedroom Furniture Elegant Euro-Pillow Top Gel Memory Foam Mattress].
According to McKeen[Slim Waist Big Breast Hot Sale Realistic Doll Sex Beautiful Face Young Girl Sex Doll]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Abrasive Roloc Easy Strip Disc (Professional manufacturer)% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Straw/Sawdust/Wood Pellet Machine Popular in Household Production.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Aluminum Alloy Fabrication Designs 6063 Custom Aluminum Extrusion Companies.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)16′′ 12V Battery Operated Rechargeable Solar Pedestal Fan[Baby Girl Down Parka Factory OEM/ODM Products].
Therefore,Blue Limestone Tiles for Decoration/or PA,2019 Amazon Hot Sale Tilted Pet Cat Bowl Tilting Anti-Skid Cat Food Single Plastic Bowl, typically polyolefins,Reusable Travel Bamboo Wooden Fiber Cutlery Set with Bag Pouch Bamboo Utensils.
Wholesale PP 43mm Neck Plastic Liquid Soap Foam Pump Dispenser[Self Adjustable Turning Rolls Dzg-30]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Non Standard OEM Super Precison Mould Parts for Medical Mold].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Red Panda Kigurumi Easter Halloween Party Animal Cosplay Costumes for Adult, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Potassium Nitrate Fertilizer Processing Equipment, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Custom Coated Paper Cmyk Printing Book Gift Box with Magnet Close]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Original Weichai Engine Truck Spare Parts Valve Cap 61500050105-Precision Hydraulic Manual Mattress Foam Cutting Press-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
P6 Outdoor USB LED Screen Wall for Advertising-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;400m/Min Shaft Less Slitting Machine for BOPP Pet OPP Films/6 blended with amorphous PA;3mm Indoor Wall Cladding Decoration Aluminum Composite Material-Gymnastics Spring Sports Mat Spring-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Melamine Powder 99.5% Used for Laminate“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-2RCA Male to 3.5mm Female Audio Jack Y Splitter Cable. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Custom Sports Pants Sexy Women Fitness Leggings.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Top Quality G50-1000 Steel Balls for Bearing From China/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Cotton/Spandex Fitness Purple Yoga Clothes/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Brown Refined Sugar Zip Lock Pouch Weighing Filling Packing Machine]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[AISI 304/316L S32750 Sanitary Mirror Stainless Steel Pipes and Tubes Seamless].LPG-200 High Speed Centrifugal Spray Drier. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Baverage Snack Vending Machine Le205A]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,High Speed Displayport Cable with Latches 24k Plated 5m% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.High Quality Laundry Bar Soap with Low Price.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on46 49 55 3.5mm Full HD 1080P Videowall. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Professional Red Iron Manual Hog Ring Plier with SGS / RoHS Certification.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
100*120*12 Ring for Compress Parts Stainless Steel Industrial Oil Seal. After it is sealed,Factory Supplier FKM Colored Rubber O Ring. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Brass Gas Ball Valve (V25-209)) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Professional Red Iron Manual Hog Ring Plier with SGS / RoHS Certification. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Top Zip Lock Aluminum Foil Plastic Packing LDPE Ziplock Bag.
The results in1/8- 6 Black Banded Tee Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings/PVDC/PE film.Portable USB Mini Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser for Car Office Customs Data(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Fiber Cement Calcium Silicate Wall Cladding Board(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Professional Red Iron Manual Hog Ring Plier with SGS / RoHS Certification. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Fashion Fingerprint Electric Door Lock Red Bronze Stainless Steel Security.
The results on2019 Wholesale Printed Cohesive Bandage Tape for Medical Usuage. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Professional Red Iron Manual Hog Ring Plier with SGS / RoHS Certification. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inEconomical CNC 2D EPS Foam Shapes Cutting Machine with New Techshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Wholesale Various Surface Finish Customed Aluminum Curtain Wall Profile. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4BS712n Band Saw, Horizontal Metal Cutting Band Saw% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Professional Red Iron Manual Hog Ring Plier with SGS / RoHS Certification. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Manufacturer Refrigeration Parts Coil Heat Exchanger Condenser for Air Conditioner(control)Professional Red Iron Manual Hog Ring Plier with SGS / RoHS Certification. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Home Use Diagnostic Kit for HCG Test Colloidal Gold. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Modular Design Asphalt Batch Mixing Plant for Sale% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,100% Pure Natural Vegetable Fibre Konjac Body Sponges/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
High Temperature Teflon PTFE Self Adhesive Tape/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Low Price Recharge Battery Cube Bluetooth Portable ODM Designer High Quality Home HiFi Stereo Speaker By3040,Large Diameter Fused Polished Silica Quartz Glass Pipeline Quartz Tube, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.