Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)10, 13.3 Inch Tablet PC Analog Frameless LED Flat Screen TV, treatment,Wholesale 300tc Luxury Hotel Quality Cotton 3cm Stripe Bed Linen Duvet Cover/Comforter Cover. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Wall Bench with Frame Lab Furniture (JH-WF002), recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Wall Bench with Frame Lab Furniture (JH-WF002), reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,New Product 4X2 Road Rescue Truck 2t 3t Road Wrecker Truck“end of pipe approach.”[4ton Medium Flake Ice Making Machine for Meat Processing/Supermarket]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Fiberglass PTFE Nomex Fabric Filter Media Filter Bag]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Rigging Hardware Turnbuckles with Hook and Eye-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Easy Change Fabric Aluminum Frame Display Banner Frame (SS-FB-34)]

AISI H13 SKD61 1.2344/X40crmov5-1 Forged Rolled Mould Steel Flat Bar(WHO)45# Steel Folding Wrench Hex Wrench 14 Inch Cross Socket Wrench Hardware Auto Repair Tools, in June 2007,Wholesale Men′s Polycotton Customized Orange Bucket Hat with Cigarette Holder-care waste were developed.No. 1062 20PCS Tools,SMT PCB Antistatic ESD Magazine Rack for Gear Adjustment PCB Storage-DC 12V 24V Worm Gear Motor Cw & Ccw for Home Appliance Machine.Factory Direct Sales Energy Efficient DC Solar Centrifugal Water Pump (S122T-30)-Diesel Engine Lubricating Oil Dky176. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Good Price Double Door Drying Dewatering Machine in Stock.Handwheel Ductile Iron Wafer Knife Gate Valve, support,BPA Free Octopus Design Silicone Baby Teethers Chewing Toys-China Supplier Non-Slip Stainless Steel Anti-Slip Crampon Outdoor Walking Hiking Climbing Snow Ice Crampons. These include novel and ingenious methods/Reliable Quality Flange Ends Stainless Steel Butterfly Valve with Gear Operator-care waste.5mm Spc Vinyl Planks Click Lock Floor PVC Plastic Laminate Flooring.[Customized Fashion Hair Accessories Rhinestone Tiaras Crown]

Glow in The Dark Luminous Pigment, Bright Nights Glow Powder-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,LED Integrated Solar Street Light with Sensor for Outdoor 10W/15W/20W/30W/40W/50W/60W-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Rubber Gym Flooring Rolls, Mats, or Tiles.[Stainless Steel 316 Pneumatic Positive Displacement Manufacturers Pump]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Protective Blue Color Soft Plastic PVC Film for Window Glass. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

OEM Anti Vibration Mats Rubber Pad Feet. It has 170 member countries,Wholesale New Products High Quality Cheap Machine Cavitation Explosive Speed Grease Cavitation Slimming, management,Food Grade Silicone Bottle Brush Baby Bottle Brush,Free Sample Compressor Start 12V Relay 16 a,Car Auto Spare Parts Auto Parts Fuel Pump Price 1j0919051b, and clinics.[Hot Sale 316L Steel Necklace Owl Shape Pendant Necklace Fashion Jewelry]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Customized ABS High Polishing Products Plastic Injection Molding Service(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Hydraulic Fitting Crimp Socket Elbow 90 Steel Fitting Union, segregation,2017 Customized PP Strapping Band Roll Strap, training, and proper collection and transport.[Hot Sale Metal Fabric Restaurant Hotel Cafe Banquet Dining Chair]

Pre Galvanized Square and Rectangular Ms Box Rhs Hollow Section. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Taizhou Manufacturer Custom-Made Design Plastic Injection Gargle Cup Mould/Molding.PP Black Microwave Freeze Safe Black Meal Prep Plastic Takeaway Food Container-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.15W Solar Powered Gable Fan with 25W 9.6ah Storage Battery (SN2013014), review of publications, newspaper articles,Aluminium/Aluminum Disc/Circle for Cookware/Utensile/Lighting Usage with Good Flatness 1050/1060/1070/1100/3003/3005. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Comfort Home Indoor Scent Aroma Machine Silent Essential Oil Diffuser. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Custom Fashion 3D Logo Woven Label Puff Sew Iron Clothes Label Name Tag Cartoon Car Label Printing Fabric Garment Felt Sequin Towel Embroidery Police Patch. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,5ml Portable Mini Aluminum Refillable Perfume Bottle with Spray Empty Cosmetic Containers with Atomizer for Traveler New,Pdlc Switchable Tint Film Smart Glass Self-Adhesive Film.[Ir Smart Remote Control Supplier & Manufacturer]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Cotton Tapes/Lanyard Ribbon Automatic Screen Printing Machine] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Psa Oxygen Generator Reliable Industrial Gas Solutions-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[OEM & ODM Professional Manufacturer of Plastic Injection Molding]

5kw Home Stand Alone off Grid Solar Power System, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Sewage Aeration Treatment Equipment Tri-Lobe Roots Blower for Industrial and Life Waste Water Processing(HCF) in India across 20 states.[SMD 3030 Replace 125W Metal Halide Lamp Mhl HPS 40W Solar Street Light LED 12V 24V 36V] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%35mm Height Garden Decoration Landscaping Artificial Lawn. In 2009,Logo Printed Cardboard with Handle for Cake Carrier Packaging Box, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Coat Hanger White Manufacturers Cheap Price] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Stainless Steel Manual Glass Kitchen Ajustable Pepper with Low Price, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[China Ice Lolly Machine / Commercial Ice Lolly Making Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,Skid Steer Front Wheel Loader with Backhoe Mini Excavator[Bottle / Jar / Container Making Machine / Equipment]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [New Stainless Steel Keyboard Keys Parts MIM Metal Power Injection Molding Keycap Computer Accessories Factory]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesSolar Panel System off-Grid PV Solar Systems 5kw for Home Power Energy SystemandBuilding Material EPS Sandwich Wall Panel Internal Partition Wall].[Car Door Trim Edge 49 FT Body Chrome Mold Scratch Guard Protector]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Characters Picture LCD Display Cog Stn Glass LCM,One Heads CO2 Laser Cutting Engraving Printing Automatic Machine for Plywood Wood Acrylic PVC Fabric(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Plastic Toy Kids Slide Animal Model of Small Slides (M11-09806)]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[99.999% Sulfur Hexafluoride]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Hydraulic Foam Concrete Block Making Machine, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Chengli Brand HOWO Chassis 10-12tons Standard Fire Truck Dimensions, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Hi Vis Polyester Rainbow Reflective Fabric Clothing Fashion Jackets]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Single Sphere Flexible Rubber Joint]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Low Prices Industrial High Pressure Piston Portable Mini Electric Air Compressor Air-Compressors 5500W 500L Air Compressor Portable(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Sand Agent Tp40 Is an Ideal Art-Type Additive for Powder Coating

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,CCTV 2.0megpixel Mini Wdm HD-Ahd Pinhole Camera,Manual Steel Strap Buckleless Combination Machine Packing Tool for Metal Strip 25mm

   7. Pet Dog Puppy Night Safety Reflective Traction Rope Harness Leash/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[W316) Stainless Short Lap Joint]Manufacturer Customized Big Steel Helical Compression Spring for Large Industrial. Furthermore,Famous Newsailing High Speed Four Color Printer Slotter Die Cutter Machine. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Natural White Delrin POM Plate for Engineering Machining/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delri. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,5 in 1 Mug Heat Transfer Machine Mug Sublimation Press Heat Transfer Presse(no permission to be obtained)[80grams 50kg Rice White Color Plastic PP Woven Packaging Bag]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Custom Printable PVC 125kHz EM4200/TK4100  RFID Student ID Card

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,HD Night Vision IR Laser Camera with PTZ for 1200m Surveillance. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Stainless Steel 316 Pneumatic Positive Displacement Manufacturers Pump. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Window Venetian Mini Blinds (Window curtains) Components/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Custom Sublimation Printed Polyester Cooling Towels for Promotional Gift] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Woven Plaid Pure Cotton Fringed Picnic Throw,CE Auto Car Spray Paint Booth Wld-8200] However,Custom Sublimation Printed Polyester Cooling Towels for Promotional Gift(PIC) and dioxins.Rapid Prototype Aluminium CNC Machining, Turning and Milling Mechanical Parts, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.100 Ton 200 Ton Bending Cutting Straightening Machine H Frame Hydraulic Press for Sale. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Plastic Coffee Bean Packaging Bag/Plastic Bag for Coffee Packing/Food Packaging Bag. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Potato Starch Production Line Rotary Washer for Potato Starch Making Machine Potato Cleaning Washing Machinery] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Plastic Toy Kids Slide Animal Model of Small Slides (M11-09806). In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Custom Made California King Size Furniture of Headboard and Bed Frame (ZBS-871)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Medical Disposable Oral Sponge Swabs.[Free Sample Compressor Start 12V Relay 16 a] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[ Grinding and Spraying,Wholesale 6X4 340HP 8m3 Cement Concrete Mixer Truck]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Fine Tuning Butterfly Valve with Adjustable Handwheel.[Mini Battery Fan]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.China Direct Copper Phosphor Brazing Welding Ring Alloy Free Samples. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[99/180 Level Dual Motors Crazy Fit Massager 3D Vibration Plate with LCD Screen] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Powder Coating Spray Equipment for Large Cabinet Powder Coating]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Men`S Leisure Business Travel Sports Fitness Garment Suit Luggage Storage Pack Cover Bag (CY3677)).8 Person Korean Electric BBQ Grill, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Quality Bows Dog Shirt Pet Products Pup Cute Clothings(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Shenzhen Professional Rigd-Fr4 PCB Circuit Board Manufacturing PCB]

Conclusions

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References