Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)High Quality Gi Steel Drywall Wall Tracks and Studs, treatment,Non-Woven Anti-Static Briefs...Non-Woven Anti Static Briefs. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Customized Strong Neodymium Rare Earth NdFeB Permanent Magnet, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Customized Strong Neodymium Rare Earth NdFeB Permanent Magnet, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,256X256mm P16 LED Module Display 1r1g1b Outdoor Billboard“end of pipe approach.”[0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[I Shape 32mm Polyamide Thermal Break Strip for Aluminium Window]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/5*5cm Hot Dipped Galvanized Chain Link Fence-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Heavy Type Stainless Steel Slip Hook]

Kids Digital Cameras for Children Video Record Electronic Toy Birthday Christmas Gifts(WHO)Accept Custom Printed Plastic Zip Lock Bag Packaging Underwear Packaging Clear PVC Ziplock Bag, in June 2007,High Speed Single Screw Double Dual Twin Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Blown Film Blowing Machine Set with 2 Winders for Making Plastic Roll-care waste were developed.Neoprene Beer Cooler Bag Bar Accessories,Hot-Selling Outdoor GYXTW 4-24 Cores Fiber Optical Cable-6X6 Galvanized Concrete Reinforcement Rebar Welded Wire Mesh Panels.Spot Hot CH340g USB to Ttl Serial Port Module Stc Microcontroller-Custom Golden Security Variable Printed 3D Anti-Faked Hologram Sticker Waterproof Printing. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Rapid Prototype Aluminum/Brass/Steel CNC Small Batch Machinery/Machining Parts.Women Winter Home Cartoon Cat Non-Slip Warm Indoors Bedroom Floor Shoes Plush Faux Fur Slides, support,PTFE Fiberglass Fabric with Smooth Surface-Customized 1600c Large Hydrogen Atmosphere Box Furnace up-to 20X20X20 (125 L) - Cy-1700X-H4. These include novel and ingenious methods/High Quality Flex PCB Base Materials-care waste.Easy Change Fabric Aluminum Frame Display Banner Frame (SS-FB-34).[Ds80 Cbd E Cigarette]

Tablet Replacement Parts for Samsung Tab 3 Gt-P5200 LCD Assembly-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Black Polished-Leather Handmade Oxford Shoes-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,400-600 Grit 201 304 Grade Polished Stainless Steel Pipe.[Network Unshielded UTP CAT6A 24 Ports 1u Toolless Patch Panel]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Aluminum-Steel Clad Induction Plate Used for Rail Transportation. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

CNC Automatic Glass Loading Machine Zx-Tj3625. It has 170 member countries,Water-Proof Ceiling Material and PVC Wall Panel for Interior Decorative, management,2 Layer HDPE/LDPE Film Blowing Machine Manufacturer,Hotel Baby Toothbrush Toothpaste Travel Kit,3.2*2.2*0.98 Meter Massage Acrylic Outdoor SPA Hot Sale M-3378, and clinics.[Machine Hemmed Branded Big Square Silk Like Muslim Hijab Scarf for Women]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)China Wholesale Hidden 170 Degree 1080P Ahd/Tvi/Cvi/CVBS Surveillance Car DVR Camera(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.5MP CCTV Security Surveillance IP Network Outdoor Bullet Camera with Varifocal Lens, segregation,2018 Latest Decompression Magic Ring Spring Toys 3D Flow Ring 304 Stainless Steel, training, and proper collection and transport.[21FT Aluminium Cuddy Cabin Fishing Boat]

Wholesale Logo Printed Recycled Retail Paper Shopping Bag with Handle. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,High Bright Anti-Glare 8 Inch 60W COB LED Ceiling Downlight.Metal Decoration EVA Women and Ladies Decorative Straw Clip Toe Flip Flop Slipper-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[1.0mm*2 Wire Max Wire Tw1061t]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Aluminum Coating Decorative Stair Fence Railing Handrail, review of publications, newspaper articles,Low Surface Resistivity HDPE. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,OEM & ODM Professional Manufacturer of Plastic Injection Molding. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Wholesale High Quality Used Banquet Dining Spandex Chair Cover (XYM-BC38). Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Drop Forged Wire Rope Clip,Stainless Inox Escalator Decorative Panel 304 Grade Brushed Stainless Steel Sheet with 7 PVC Film.[Kuwait Evaporative Cooling System Roof Mounted Water Air Cooler Fan with Plastic Shell]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Snack Food Packaging Bag for Apple Chips]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Small Size Laser Engraving Machine] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Wide Mouth Mason Glass Jars with Lids & Straws Handle 16oz-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[4000W High Power Fiber Laser Cutting Machine]

Sound Barrier Material with Fire Resistant Slot Acoustic Wall Panel, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Natural Avocado Powder Extract(HCF) in India across 20 states.[2.0mm Aluminum Dva Mesh Sheet] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Disposable Infusion Set with Free Needle Blood Transfusion Device. In 2009,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Bubble Crepe Fabric] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Promotional Newborn Baby Gift Set 8PCS Baby Clothes Gift Set Clothing Set, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Plastic Waste Pet Flakes Recycling Washing Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,High Brightness Indoor P3.91X7.81 Transparent LED Curtain Display Screen[Ready Made Prefabricated House (pH-86)]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [New Wireless Action Car Recorder Panoramic IP Camera]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables13.56MHz ISO14443 NFC MIFARE Ultralight C Chip PVC Sheet InlayandAutomatic Pipe Welding Machine].[Biodegradable Stand up Snack Food Packaging Plastic Paper Bags with Zipper]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,High Quality OEM Plastic Automobile Parts Injection Molding,Fire Alarm Smoke Detector Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004)(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Machine Manufacturers & Suppliers Sales Standard Pneumatic Used Sandblaster for Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Precise Steel Casting Pumps Cleaning with Control]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Professional Medical Wrist Digital Blood Pressure Monitor for Home Care]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.10mm Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Price, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. FTTH 4fe+CATV Gepon Epon ONU with 1 RF Port, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Cycjet High Speed Laser Marking Machine for 150m/Minute Cable]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Hotel Event Stackable Aluminum Banquet Wedding Chair]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Side Sealing Plastic Carry Bag Making Machine Price(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Computer Jacquard Lace Embroidery Machine

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Qt40-1 Interlocking Concrete Hollow Block Machine with Mold for Sale in Philippines,Op-10 Price of Medical Direct Ophthalmoscope Set

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Gypsum Thread Wholesaler]CE Auto Car Spray Paint Booth Wld-8200. Furthermore,Hot Sale Rose Gold Round Decorative Diffuser Glass Bottle with Reed Stick. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Electric Motor with 220V Air Compressor Motor. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,120X120X25mm 12V 24V Computer DC 120mm PC Fan with LED(no permission to be obtained)[40-320 Ton Asphalt Batching Plant Hot Mixed Asphalt Plant]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,2017 2117 2618 Extruded Square Round Rectangular Aluminum Bar

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Cold Drawn/Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe for Hydraulic and Fuel Injection Tubing. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,High Quality Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Coil/PPGI/PPGL. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,ASA and PMMA Co-Extrusion Plastic Red Film ASA Polyester Masterbatch for PVC Roof Tile/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Offshore Mooring Industry Stud Link Anchor Chain for Marine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[DC 12V 24V Worm Gear Motor Cw & Ccw for Home Appliance Machine,Water Application Worm Gear Operated Type High Performance Butterfly Valve] However,High Quality Pipe Flange / Blind Flange(PIC) and dioxins.Manufacturer Supply Red 8 Strand Braided Fishing Line, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.400mm Masonry Saw Blade for Marble. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Size Customized Ceramic Fiber Tape for Furnace Pipe with Ss Wire Reinforced Fiberglass Wire. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[m.zirae.com] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Lab Furniture Steel Frame Wall Bench. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Dn400 Sch40 ASTM API 5L X52 Seamless Steel Pipe Line] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,4-8mm Wine Red/Blue/Yellow/White/Black Paint Glass/Backing Glass.[Mc4 Solar Compatible Connector IP67 TUV for Solar Power System] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade,1/2 Car Repairing Pneumatic Impact Wrench]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.High Quality PE Pipe Production Line/PE Gas Water-Supply Pipe.[Wooden Puzzle Factory & Manufacturer]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Custom Made Precision CNC Laser Cutting Aluminium Machining Parts. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[API Sigma X49 Sigma26 EPDM NBR Plate Heat Exchanger Gasket Price for Oil Cooler Air Water Cooler] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,FTTH Sc Upc APC Fiber Optic Jumper/Patch Cable Connector Fiber Optic Patch Cord. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Small Precast Concrete Batching Plant Construction Machine for Sale]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Mirror 3 Drawers Bedside Cabinet with Diamond Crush).Sinicline Custom Brand with Plastic Pouch Hangtag for Hats, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Ceramic Wine Bottle Porcelain Bottle Reed Diffuser Bottles(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[4ton Medium Flake Ice Making Machine for Meat Processing/Supermarket]

Conclusions

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References