Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Modern Living Room Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinets Chinese Wooden Furniture (YH-KC1008), treatment,(China wholesale price) Plastic Single Screw Extruder for Soft PVC/SPVC Garden Fiber Braided Reinforced Pipe. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Ductile Iron Flexible Coupling and Flange Adaptor, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Ductile Iron Flexible Coupling and Flange Adaptor, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Hydraulic Power Source and CNC Cutter Machine for Metal Sheet“end of pipe approach.”[I Shape 32mm Polyamide Thermal Break Strip for Aluminium Window]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Heavy Type Stainless Steel Slip Hook]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/China Industry Low Carbon Steel Wire for Sale-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Network Unshielded UTP CAT6A 24 Ports 1u Toolless Patch Panel]

Modern Simple Indoor/Interior Decorative Opal Glass LED Ceiling Light(WHO)Sany 22ton Hydraulic Excavator Bucket Sy215c, in June 2007,Compression Fitting - Brass Fitting - Plumbing Fitting (Male ElbowFemale Straight)-care waste were developed.Mild Steel Twin Shaft Paddle Fertilizer / Detergent Powder Mixing Machine,Electronic Flying Insect Killer Mosquito Killer Lamp with UV LED Glue Trap-Dacromet or Black Surface Treatment Hex Bolt High-Temperature Resistant Bolt Corrosion Resisting Bolt.Fabric Coated PVC for Garment Woven Fabric 600d 100% Polyester-Utility Knife - Smallest Keychain Knife Using Utility Blades - Disappears in Pocket, Keychain, or Wallet - Quark Tool. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Nt Build 492 Concrete Migration Tester with Non-Steady State.Promotional Hot Sale Inflated Helium Balloons for Christmas Party, support,Skateboard Hybrid Ceramic Ball Bearing 608-Woman Fitness Long Sleeve Sweatshirt Gym Wear Yoga Sports Clothing. These include novel and ingenious methods/High Power Aluminium IP66 LED Streetlight Price List 60W 100W 150W 200W SMD LED Street Light Housing-care waste.IP66 15-100W Recessed LED Downlight 5 Years Warranty.[Factory Made 5mm Touch Sensor Hotel Bathroom LED Mirror with Defogger]

High Efficiency Vibratory Sifter/Sieve/Screen for Aluminum Oxide in China-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Iron Steel Oxford Butt Hinge Ball Bearing Door Hinge (4X3X2.5mm/3mm-4BB)-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Fashion Simple Design Wholesale Price Wooden with Mable TV Stand for MDF TV Stand (UL-9BE242).[Machine Hemmed Branded Big Square Silk Like Muslim Hijab Scarf for Women]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Wrangler Jk 07+ Engine Hood Sheild Plate Radiator Cover for Jeep. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Teflon Seal/Seals Spring Energized, PTFE Spring Energized Seal. It has 170 member countries,Bending Press Mining Machine Hydraulic Cylinder, management,CL2T-CS24 Comlom Ergonomic Knife Sharpener with Ceramic Rod,Batch Type Circulating Wheat Maize Corn Paddy Rice Grain Dryers,Power Steering Gear Box for Ford Fiesta IV Puma 3972949/3937085, and clinics.[21FT Aluminium Cuddy Cabin Fishing Boat]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Cannabidiol Powder Cbd 13956-29-1 Nootropics Anti-Cancer Drugs(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck, segregation,Chicken Paw/Wing/Leg/Meat Weight Sorter with Low Price, training, and proper collection and transport.[1.0mm*2 Wire Max Wire Tw1061t]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Heat Transfer Films/Heat Press Films, review of publications, newspaper articles,China High Quality Adhesive Dispensing Machines Manufacturers for Electronics. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Simple Modern Small Apartment Leather Sofa Living Room First Layer Cowhide Three-Family Furniture Hotelhb01-92. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.High End Fancy Sequins Embroidery Lace Fabric. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,America 12V 4pin Blade Trailer Plug,Smooth Surface Stainless Steel Banding Strap for Binding Cables.[1.52X18m/5X59 Macaron Cherry Pink Chrome Car Vinyl Sticker Paper]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Small Size Laser Engraving Machine]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[4000W High Power Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,New fashion Kids Warm Winter Boots-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[2.0mm Aluminum Dva Mesh Sheet]

Best Seller Laser Machine Reci CO2 Laser Tube Price, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Six Colors Custom Logo Schoolbag Child Breathable 1-3-6 Primary Students Boys Girls Korean Cartoon Pack(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Plastic Waste Pet Flakes Recycling Washing Machine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Best Small Biomass Fireplace Pellet Stove (CR-10). In 2009,High Quality Sintered Diamond Circular Saw Blade for Granite Cutting, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Metal Desktop Keyboard] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,10, 13.3 Inch Tablet PC Analog Frameless LED Flat Screen TV, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Ready Made Prefabricated House (pH-86)] Now Ministry of Environment,Wholesale 300tc Luxury Hotel Quality Cotton 3cm Stripe Bed Linen Duvet Cover/Comforter Cover[New Wireless Action Car Recorder Panoramic IP Camera]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [13.56MHz ISO14443 NFC MIFARE Ultralight C Chip PVC Sheet Inlay]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesBiodegradable Stand up Snack Food Packaging Plastic Paper Bags with Zipperand24X24 Mobile UHMWPE Support Stabilizer Crane Mats Outrigger Foot Support Pad Cribbing Plate].[Reflective Materials Fabric with High Tensity]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Wall Bench with Frame Lab Furniture (JH-WF002),New Product 4X2 Road Rescue Truck 2t 3t Road Wrecker Truck(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Professional Medical Wrist Digital Blood Pressure Monitor for Home Care]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Cycjet High Speed Laser Marking Machine for 150m/Minute Cable]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Rigging Hardware Turnbuckles with Hook and Eye, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. AISI H13 SKD61 1.2344/X40crmov5-1 Forged Rolled Mould Steel Flat Bar, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Hotel Event Stackable Aluminum Banquet Wedding Chair]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[40-320 Ton Asphalt Batching Plant Hot Mixed Asphalt Plant]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/45# Steel Folding Wrench Hex Wrench 14 Inch Cross Socket Wrench Hardware Auto Repair Tools(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Wholesale Men′s Polycotton Customized Orange Bucket Hat with Cigarette Holder

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,DC 12V 24V Worm Gear Motor Cw & Ccw for Home Appliance Machine,Factory Direct Sales Energy Efficient DC Solar Centrifugal Water Pump (S122T-30)

   7. Diesel Engine Lubricating Oil Dky176/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Flanged Coupling Adapter]Good Price Double Door Drying Dewatering Machine in Stock. Furthermore,Handwheel Ductile Iron Wafer Knife Gate Valve. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,BPA Free Octopus Design Silicone Baby Teethers Chewing Toys. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,China Supplier Non-Slip Stainless Steel Anti-Slip Crampon Outdoor Walking Hiking Climbing Snow Ice Crampons(no permission to be obtained)[Offshore Mooring Industry Stud Link Anchor Chain for Marine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Reliable Quality Flange Ends Stainless Steel Butterfly Valve with Gear Operator

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,5mm Spc Vinyl Planks Click Lock Floor PVC Plastic Laminate Flooring. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Taizhou Manufacturer Custom-Made Design Plastic Injection Gargle Cup Mould/Molding. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,PP Black Microwave Freeze Safe Black Meal Prep Plastic Takeaway Food Container/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[DC 12V 24V Worm Gear Motor Cw & Ccw for Home Appliance Machine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Water Application Worm Gear Operated Type High Performance Butterfly Valve,Dn400 Sch40 ASTM API 5L X52 Seamless Steel Pipe Line] However,15W Solar Powered Gable Fan with 25W 9.6ah Storage Battery (SN2013014)(PIC) and dioxins.Aluminium/Aluminum Disc/Circle for Cookware/Utensile/Lighting Usage with Good Flatness 1050/1060/1070/1100/3003/3005, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Comfort Home Indoor Scent Aroma Machine Silent Essential Oil Diffuser. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Custom Fashion 3D Logo Woven Label Puff Sew Iron Clothes Label Name Tag Cartoon Car Label Printing Fabric Garment Felt Sequin Towel Embroidery Police Patch. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Professional Dental Clinic 35%HP Teeth Whitening Kit Hr-Tw01] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,5ml Portable Mini Aluminum Refillable Perfume Bottle with Spray Empty Cosmetic Containers with Atomizer for Traveler New. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Mc4 Solar Compatible Connector IP67 TUV for Solar Power System] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Pdlc Switchable Tint Film Smart Glass Self-Adhesive Film.[Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[1/2 Car Repairing Pneumatic Impact Wrench,API Sigma X49 Sigma26 EPDM NBR Plate Heat Exchanger Gasket Price for Oil Cooler Air Water Cooler]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Psa Oxygen Generator Reliable Industrial Gas Solutions.[Welding Helmet Manufacturer From China]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.5kw Home Stand Alone off Grid Solar Power System. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Small Precast Concrete Batching Plant Construction Machine for Sale] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Sewage Aeration Treatment Equipment Tri-Lobe Roots Blower for Industrial and Life Waste Water Processing. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[4ton Medium Flake Ice Making Machine for Meat Processing/Supermarket]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (35mm Height Garden Decoration Landscaping Artificial Lawn).Logo Printed Cardboard with Handle for Cake Carrier Packaging Box, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Stainless Steel Manual Glass Kitchen Ajustable Pepper with Low Price(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Fiberglass PTFE Nomex Fabric Filter Media Filter Bag]

Conclusions

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References