Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Decor Beautiful Sweet Donut Shop Wall Metal Tin Signs, treatment,Uruguay Customers Promotion Steel Buidlings. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Factory Custom Personalized Garment Accessories Funny Kids Patch Holder Quilt Hat Denim Pants Jean Jacket Clothing Label Tag Police Uniform Badge with Design, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Factory Custom Personalized Garment Accessories Funny Kids Patch Holder Quilt Hat Denim Pants Jean Jacket Clothing Label Tag Police Uniform Badge with Design, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Cheaper and Fine Chocolate Holding Tank for Sale“end of pipe approach.”[Dn50 Heat Resistant Flexible Steam Rubber Hose Pipe]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Clear Cow Water Glass Beer with Handle Juice Milk Drinking Cup]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Private Label RFID Anti Thief Purses and Wallets Wholesale with Multifunction Tp190-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Microfiber Hanging Hand Towel for Xmas Decor]

Customer Design Fashion Unique Souvenir Medal(WHO)Customized CNC Machining Plastic Rapid Prototype for Medical Tool Box, in June 2007,750ml Clear Straight Side Round Glass Jar with Screw Lids-care waste were developed.SBR Round DOT Horse Stall Mat, Rubber Stable Mat,Italian Modern Black Leather Sectional Big Size Sofa-2 Inch Professional Audio Loudspeaker DJ Speaker Club Indoor Ka162.Forklift Agricultural Parts of HD 720p 1080P Camera System-TPU Pokemon Go Custom Cartoon Protective Case for Universal Models. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Wholesale Sexy Women Racerback Gym Bra.Single Brick Foam 3D Wallpaper Supplier, support,Plastic PA Nylon Flexible Tubing-Medical Neonate Disposable Hme Filter. These include novel and ingenious methods/Stud Anchor Chain, Mooring Chain, Hatch Board Chain, Buoy Chain-care waste.Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.[Lead Free Bilsner Beer Glass with Cute Father Christmas Printing]

Shacman F3000 Power Engine 430HP Rhd LHD 6X4 Tractor Truck-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,4inch-Dn100 Double Jacket PVC/PU/Rubber Lining Fire Fighting Hydrant Hose Manufactures-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,OEM Brand 400ml Aerosol Household Insecticide Spray Mosquito Repellent.[Forklift Agricultural Parts of HD 720p 1080P Camera System]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Beer Cans Sealing Machine Food Canning Sealing Machine. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Chicken Cage Mesh Hexagonal Wire Mesh Machine. It has 170 member countries,Auto Interior Accessories Stainless Steel Tongue Depressor Seat Belts Spare Parts Seat Belt Buckle Tongue, management,80 Watt IP65 SMD Module Split Type Solar LED Street Light,X15 Power Monitor Two Way Live Stage Monitor Speaker System,Hl/No. 4 316L 1.4404 Stainless Steel Pipe/Tube for Outdoor Use, and clinics.[2~24]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Wfj Series Fine Pulverizer Grinder Unit(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Super Transparent Rigid APET Extrusion Clear Plastic Pet Sheet, segregation,5g Flat Knitting Machine for Sweater (AX-132S), training, and proper collection and transport.[Classic Low Cut Armholes Crop Tank Top Short Length Gym Workout Clothing]

UV Protection FRP GRP Long Life Fiberglass Tree Support Round Rod. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Compact Cylinder Ace Type Aluminum Material Cylinder Tube.Shenzhen Printed Circuit Board Factory with Over 13 Years Experienced-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Plastic PA Nylon Flexible Tubing]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Small Precast Concrete Batching Plant Construction Machine for Sale, review of publications, newspaper articles,24K Gold Collagen Peel-off Face Mask Bamboo Charcoal Blackhead Remover Whitening Firming Skin Moisturizing Face Mask Skin Care. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,52/400 Various Type 52mm Aluminum Can with Aluminum Cream Jar Lid. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.ADC12/A380 Aluminum Die Casting Parts, Aluminum Alloy Die Casting Part. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,IP65 Waterproof SMA Female Bulkhead to Ufl 1.37 RF Pigtail Cable,Stainless Steel Small Head Knurled Body Rivet Nut.[Pvc Air Blowing Soles]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Zinc Alloy Metal Smart Flip Car Key Shell for Toyota]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[High Quality OEM Plastic Automobile Parts Injection Molding] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Automatic Metal Roof Panel Tile Making Roll Forming Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[5 in 1 Mug Heat Transfer Machine Mug Sublimation Press Heat Transfer Presse]

Bolts and Nuts Set Brass Fasteners Double Hex Bolt, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Cotton Tapes/Lanyard Ribbon Automatic Screen Printing Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Glass Double Layer Water 320ml Bottle with Stainless Steel Lids] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Disposable Portable Nebulizer Medical Oxygen Mask. In 2009,Large Damping Compression Spring with Black Helix (10*89*177*7.5), India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Computerized Jacquard Circular Knitting Machine] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Six Layers Water Tank Blow Molding Machine 2016 Hot Sale, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Food Grade Pneumatic Operated Sanitary Control Weld Butterfly Valve] Now Ministry of Environment,3W CREE LED Powerful Flashlight (SD-6050) Heavy Duty 3c or 4c Battery Operated Hand Torches[Automobile Application Automotive Wire Harness Custom Cable Assembly]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [10]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHigh Brightness Indoor P3.91X7.81 Transparent LED Curtain Display ScreenandLighting Fixture].[Aluminum OEM ODM Computer Parts Oxide Anodized CNC Machining Parts]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve NPT Thread,Nodular Iron Qt400-15 Flow Control Valve Casting Part(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Plastic Waste PE Film Recycling Grinding Washing Equipment]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Lint Free Industrial Cleaning Cleanroom Foam Swab Stick]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.99% Purity Peptides Powder Epitalon/Epithalon (10mg/Vial) 307297-39-8 for Anti Aging, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Semi Automatic Granule Spice Tea Soybean Nuts Seeds Fertilizer Weigh Filling Bagging Packing Machine, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Ah Slurry Pump Centrifugal Pump Horizontal Mortar Pump Slurry Pump Manufacturer Spot Slurry Pump]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Piggery Accessory/Farm Pig/Sow/Piglet Accessories for Poultry Farm]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Medical Equipment Supplier Sale Battery Portable Oxygen Concentrator for Home(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.2019 Hot Selling Paper Packaging Chocolate Box

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,3 Layers Rigid-Flexible PCB Board,Stainless Steel Vacuum Toothpaste Mixing Machine

   7. 27-0017 Tactical Military Combat Airsoft Gun Weapon Shooting Army Hunting Rifle Scope Kwy158-1X24 Gen 2 Night Vision/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Adult Poncho Beach Towel]Grade AAA+ Quality Mobile Phone LCD Screen Display Assembly for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Replacement Screens. Furthermore,Marine Solas Adhesive Reflective Tape. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,PVC Heat Shrink Label for Plastic Water Bottle Label. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,T200 Small Desktop Lead Free PCB Reflow Oven(no permission to be obtained)[Small Canned Peach Process Plant]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Stainless Steel Drinking Metal Straws Reusable Drink Straw

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,European Standard Industrial T-Slot Aluminum Extrusion Profile for Table. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Hot Sale Metal Fabric Restaurant Hotel Cafe Banquet Dining Chair. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Dongfeng Foton Diesel Engine Mini Caravans Motor Homes/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Mechanical Seal Pump Seal Flygt Seal] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Sponge Cutter/CNC Special Foam Shape Cutting Machine for Pipe Cutting Machine,Shine Skin Pumpkin Kernels New Crop] However,China Plastic Moulding Companies(PIC) and dioxins.Wholesale Factory Stacking Dining Metal Dining Chair, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Bluetooth Speaker Circuit Board Prototype PCB Assembly. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Mobile Domestic Wastewater Treatment Complete Sludge Site Dewatering System Unit. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[ETRON] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Ziplock Flat Bottom Pouch Biodegradable Coffee Packaging Bag with Valve. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Cosmetic Grade Chrome Oxide Green] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Indoor UTP Cat 6 with Rj 45 Connector Length 20 Meter Cable.[Laser Protective Lens for Fiber Laser Cutting Machine/Raytool/ Precitec Cutting Head] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Turret Milling Machine (Universal Milling machine X6323A),New fashion Kids Warm Winter Boots]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.10kw/15kw/20kw/25kw Brine Water Source Heat Pump.[Cheap Cd Book Printing]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Hot Selling Dtl-2 Copper Aluminium Bimetal Terminal Connector Lugs. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Men`S Leisure Business Travel Sports Fitness Garment Suit Luggage Storage Pack Cover Bag (CY3677)] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Smart Mobile Shelves for Document Chamber/Bookshelf/Cabinet. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Pultruded Light Weight FRP/GRP Profiles]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (OEM Electrolyte Effervescent Tablet).13.9oz Men Super Stretch Selvedge Skinny Jeans Fabric W150210, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Solid Surface Sink Bathroom Cabinet Bathroom Furniture(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Shacman F3000 Power Engine 430HP Rhd LHD 6X4 Tractor Truck]

Conclusions

Batch Peanut Frying Machine Chicken Deep Fryer Meat Ball Fryer,Sport Fan Acrylic Knitted Jacquard Soccer Football Scarf-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Toko Brand Stainless Steel Welding Electrode E312, E316L. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Promotional Gifts Good Quality Silk Sleep Eye Masks Eye Shade. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Wholesale Custom-Made Blank Portable Cotton Handbags, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Birch Basswood Laser Cut Plywood Board for Crafts.Cosmetic Grade Chrome Oxide Green.

References