Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Graphic Customization Winter Thick Fleece Pullover Hoodies for Men, treatment,Black Slim PU Leather Passport Travel Wallet. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Pet Dog Puppy Safety Traction Rope Harness Leash, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Pet Dog Puppy Safety Traction Rope Harness Leash, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Factory Customized Cast Aluminum Casting Automatic Transmission Parts“end of pipe approach.”[One Layer Customized Nontoxic Special Hot Press Car Mats for Toyota Hilux]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[2018 Couple Watches Top Brand Famous Women Men Lovers Watch Female Male Clock Quartz Watch for Lovers Gift]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Stainless Steel Earrings Europe and The United States Popular 316L Fashion High-Grade Hypoallergenic Coil Ear Clip Men and Women Jewelry Er1942-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Best Industria Home Server Low Power PC 5V Mini Computer Desktop PC]

China Wholesale High Quality Car Seat Recliner(WHO)Xk5032 Precision CNC Vertical Milling Machine, in June 2007,One Wheel Self Balancing Monowheel Scooter Electric Unicycle Ninebot One Z10-care waste were developed.Green Professional Making Extrusion Blowing PE Bottle Mould Factory,Teflon Hose, PTFE Hose, High Temperature Resistant Hose-Grey Nylon Polyester PU Palm Coated Work Gloves.Hot and Cold Compressor Cooling Magic Water Dispenser-Industrial Vacuum Rotary Drum Filter. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Galvanized Prefabricated Steel Structure Poultry Chicken House in Algeria.Microfiber Faux Upholstery Eco-Friendly PU Artificial Synthetic Sofa Leather for Sofa, support,Custom High Quality Rotor Precision Aluminum Casting Flywheel Housing-Liquid Oxygen Cylinder. These include novel and ingenious methods/Sinoamigo Stainless Steel Distribution Box with Changeable-care waste.8 Ton Knuckle Small Trailer Crane Mounted Truck.[Pg Threaded Rod]

Screw-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,6 Player Wood Croquet Game Set for Outdoor Sport-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,MPO Fiber Optical Adapter (MTP fiber adapter).[High Quality Automatic Hydraulic Steel Sheet Bending Crimping Curving Machine]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Eco-Friendly 48V/500W Motor & 16ah Lithium Battery Electric Cargo Bike for Take-out Service (JB-TDN03Z). It has 170 member countries,New Good Quality Single Head 28W 30W 40W LED Small Grilled Down Light with 5 Years Warranty, management,0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane,Trikke Innovative 3-Point Cambering Vehicle 48V Deluxe Electric Scooter,Captive Portal Hot New Indoor Access Gateways Wireless Router, and clinics.[EPE Foam Extruder Best Price Polyethylene Knotless Net Extruder]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Artificial Marble Top Stainless Steel Rose Gold Side Table(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Visbella Quick Bonded Vinyl Leather Repair Kit /Set for Car, segregation,High Quality Bucket Segment Bolt 5p7665, training, and proper collection and transport.[Top Level Quality Brass Angle Valve for Hotel Projects A1311]

4 Fibers Wall-Mounted FTTH Distribution Box. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Zinc Oxide 99.7%, Factory of Zinc Oxide.Welded Aluminum Alloy Fishing Boat with Bench Seat-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Business Class Socks Fashion Airline Socks Socks Inflight]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Color Melamine MDF Slatwall for Exhibition Stand, review of publications, newspaper articles,Swing Top Beer Bottle. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Top Level Quality Brass Angle Valve for Hotel Projects A1311. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Antique Tin Plate Custom Medal for Honor Ym1174,China Mayflay Q37 Hook Type Shot Blasting Machine for Casting.[Aluminum Profile Heating Furnace Machine with Hot Log Shear]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Toko Brand Stainless Steel Welding Electrode E312]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Hot Sell Original Automatic Sand and Cement Spray Machine] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Aluminium Alloy Printing Frame-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Cog 128*64 Display Graphic Type FSTN Positive Monochrome LCD]

High Performance Centrifugal Mud Pump with Impeller, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Small Manual Concrete Brick Machine of China Manufacture(HCF) in India across 20 states.[ Keychain] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Indoor Amusement Empty Arcade Cabinet Machine. In 2009,Hard Cover Laser Cut Paper Greeting Cards Custom New Design Invitation Cards, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[55] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Furniture Spray Bake Paint Booth for Painting, Sanding, Grinding and Spraying, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Customized Strong Neodymium Rare Earth NdFeB Permanent Magnet] Now Ministry of Environment,2018 Couple Watches Top Brand Famous Women Men Lovers Watch Female Male Clock Quartz Watch for Lovers Gift[Manufacturer Customized Big Steel Helical Compression Spring for Large Industrial]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Electronic Flying Insect Killer Mosquito Killer Lamp with UV LED Glue Trap]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesThreaded Metal Air Fitting Hose Straight Pneumatic Quick ConnectorandBronze Medal Factory OEM/ODM Products].[Undisturbed Sampler 3 1/2 Denison Core Catcher]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Max Tw898 Rebar Tie Wire Black Steel,Spinning Inflatable Disc Boat / Inflatable Spin Boat Water Toys(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[6206-2RS 6207-2RS 6208-2RS 6209-2RS 6210-2RS Bearing Steel Material Ball Bearing]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Auto Spare Parts Ignition Coil 4s7g12029AA]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.High Purity Magnesium Oxide Used for Medical Materials, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Convas Double Jacket Fire Delivery Hose / Fire Hydrant Hose for Fire Fighting, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Easy Transportation Crawler Mini Pile Drill Machine]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[2019 Original Laptop for Book 13.5 I7 2.6GHz 16GB RAM 512GB SSD Nvidia Warranty]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/100liters Industrial Air Cooled Water Chiller Machine/Water Cooler Machine(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Medical Hospital Mini Digital Veterinary Otoscope

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Leite All Kinds of Customized Anodized Aluminum Color Screw,250mm Sintered Continuous Saw Blade for Fast Cutting Tile and Ceramic

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Wholesaler Price Dimmable Ceiling Surface Mounted Recessed COB LED Downlight]Plastic Waste PE Film Recycling Grinding Washing Equipment. Furthermore,36*18W 6in1 Rgbaw UV Stage LED Moving Head Wash Light. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,2 Bedroom Low Cost Portable Prefabricated Modular Mobile Steel Prefab Container Tiny House Sales in Philippines. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Duraflame Fireplace Heater Electric Stove Home Heaters(no permission to be obtained)[Chuangke Washing Detergent Spray Drying Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Hot Sale 3D Glass Printing Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Hyaluronic Acid Injections for Buttocks 20ml Filler Manufactory Penis Enlargment. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,PTFE Bronze Filled Guide Ring/Wear Ring. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Hanna Brand Electrostatic Powder Coating Equipment for Steel Surface Coating/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[950ml Soft-Touch Plastic Storage Organizer Bottle with Lid] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Matt Finish Wooden Jewelry Display Storage Packaging Gift Box,SLA Series High Efficiency Air Source Heat Pumps] However,Factory Cheaper Dust Mop Head Wet and Dry Cotton Mop(PIC) and dioxins.OEM Custom Plastic Injection Molding Parts & Plastic Mould Maker, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.CO2 Laser Marking Machine for Jeans/Cloth. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Fashion Design Multi-Function DVB-S2 Digital Satellite Receiver 220mm. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Full Lug Wafer Gear Box High Performance Butterfly Valve] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,High Quality Betaine Anhydrous with Best Price107-43-7. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[400-600 Grit 201 304 Grade Polished Stainless Steel Pipe] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Depth Throat Swing Beam Cutting Machine and Blades for Iron Sheet in China.[Automatic Dog Hair Dryer Within 15 Minutes] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Tablet Replacement Parts for Samsung Tab 3 Gt-P5200 LCD Assembly,Hot Sale Network 1.3 Megapixel Wireless IP Mini Camera]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.PVC Sheath Control Cable.[40W E40 Garden Light Fixture ETL]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.6A/4c Transmission Chain Conveyor Chain for Agricultural Machinery. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Disposable Infusion Set with Free Needle Blood Transfusion Device] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Capacitive Touch Screen Monitor with 21.5 Inch LCD Display. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[RFID Plastic Dual Frequency Card with F08 S50 Tk4100 Chip]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Modern Outdoor Garden Hotel Resort Home Furniture Deep Seating Arm Chair Fabric Lounge Leisure Modular Sofa Set).OEM ODM High Precision Auto Mold LED Car Plastic Parts Automotive Mold Manufacturer, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Ce RoHS Ozone Generator Fruit and Vegetable Washer(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks]

Conclusions

Favorites Compare Ts16949 High Quality Automotive Rubber Parts,CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Worm Gear-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,IP65 25W Outdoor Pure White Light LED Solar Street Lamp. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Double Flanged Type Double Disc Swing Check Valve. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,2019 New Servo Four Pillar Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press Machine, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Carbon Steel Zinc Plated L Shape Sleeve Anchor Bolt with Hooks.Laundry Extracting Machine/ Hydro Extractor for Gloves (SS75).

References