Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Yz25c China Ophthalmic Equipment Wireless Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope, treatment,Fitness Gym Rubber Flooring Tile/Playground Rubber Tiles/Interlocking Rubber Tile. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Custom Oversized Hoodie in Purple with Face & Hands Print, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Custom Oversized Hoodie in Purple with Face & Hands Print, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Custom Size Packaging Box for Cosmetic“end of pipe approach.”[Professional Custom Camouflage Military Uniforms Black Acu T/C 65/35 Army Combat Uniform]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[IP44 Battery Operated 1.5m 10 LED Cactus Pendant String Light]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Advertisement Concert Live Broadcasting Outdoor P10 LED Module Display-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Black Polished-Leather Handmade Oxford Shoes]

North American Panasonic AC Compressor Dealer (5PS102UB/5PS102UD/5PS108UA/5PS118UB)(WHO)304 Stainless Steel 14mesh Window Security Screens, in June 2007,3A 5A 13A UK Plug Black White Transparent Colour-care waste were developed.Professional Digital Power Amplifier Fp 20000q Cheapest 4 Channels AMP,Network Unshielded UTP CAT6A 24 Ports 1u Toolless Patch Panel-Hot Selling Fishing, Camping Leisure Tent.5 Inch 30W High Power Aluminum COB LED Down Ceiling Spotlight Light-Plastic Caps Mould for Edible Oil. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Insulated Glass Curtain Walls Accessories Toughened.Non Woven Pillow Making Machine, support,4000W High Power Fiber Laser Cutting Machine-Paper Hangtag Hang Tag Display Card for Garment. These include novel and ingenious methods/Brand New Camion Tractors Weichai Diesel 380HP 420HP International FAW 4X2 Tractor Trailer Head Truck-care waste.Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine.[China Electric Tools]

Hotel Bedsheet Dry Ironing Equipment/Ironer Equipment /Laundry Roller Equipment-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Disposable Waterproof Dustproof Nonwoven Shoe Cover Making Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,PVC Cornice for Interior Ceiling Decoration.[UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Honeycomb Plate for FPC. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

AU-300S Digital Electronic Tyre Portable Densitometer, Density Meter, Density Tester, Density Measurement Device. It has 170 member countries,Hot Sell Square Transparent Glass Candle Holders Cup, management,Modern Building Materials Hospital Interior MGO Decorative Wall Panel,Heated Outdoor Winter Battery Neoprene Fiber Heating Vest for Keep Warm for People,Customized Shipping Paper Self Adhesive Label Paper, and clinics.[Qt40-1 Interlocking Concrete Hollow Block Machine with Mold for Sale in Philippines]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Hot Sale Super Fine Screen Door with Magnetic, Mosquito Door Net for Keeps Bugs out(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Portable Swimming Pool Disinfection Automatic Chemical Chlorine Dosing Pump, segregation,Quality Professional PCBA Manufacture SMT PCB Assembly PCBA Sample in China, training, and proper collection and transport.[ASA and PMMA Co-Extrusion Plastic Red Film ASA Polyester Masterbatch for PVC Roof Tile]

650nm Best Lipo Laser Machine for Sale. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Full Size PE Water Pipe Price List Goody Supplier.20kg Paper Laminated PP Woven Block Bottom Bag for Industrial Cement Flour Packaging-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[ Camping Leisure Tent]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.4-12X50eg Illuminated Hunting Rifle Scope for Airgun HK1-0318, review of publications, newspaper articles,Air Injection Hose SUV Pressure Hose Assy OEM 11721438102 for BMW E53. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Customized 2/4/6 Layers Flexible Circuit Board PCB Factory. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.2 Way Output 1550nm External Modulated Optical Transmitter. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Medical Hospital Bed Mattress Single Size with ISO Certificate (YD-B),W24s Hydraulic Bending Machine, Pipe Bender, Profile Bending Machine.[Automatic Ultrasonic Machine Exporter Hot Sale Product]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Fiber Laser Tube Cutting Machine with Stable Optical Transition]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[ Large Capacity Baby Bag Backpack Stylish Maternity Multi-Function Travel Back Pack for Mom Daddy] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Food Industry White Color Rubber Boots in Guangzhou-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[SBR Round DOT Horse Stall Mat]

DC-26.5GHz Three Layer Shielding Structure RF Cable Assembly with 3.5mm SMA, or N, or TNC Type Connector, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Aluminum Screen High Building Facade Aluminum Window Louver(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Coil Loose Leaf Kraft Cover A5 Notebook Custom Logo] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Sanitary Stainless Steel Cleaning Ball. In 2009,Pultruded Fiberglass Round Tube Supplier, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Fiber Reinforced Hose] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Precision Mould Punches and Pins for Plastic Mould, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Small Tracked Transport Vehicle] Now Ministry of Environment,Custom Medical Instruments Plastic Parts Injection Molding Company[Yellow / Black Barricade Warning Tape]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Psa Oxygen Generator Reliable Industrial Gas Solutions]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPVC Cornice for Interior Ceiling DecorationandBicycle Pedals Aluminum Alloy].[Laminated Glass Insulating Glass Tempered Toughened Safety Building Glass for Windows Doors Partitions Fence Rail Floor Curtain Wall]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Family Use Wood Pellet Cooler with Ce Certification

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

Performance Hand Tool Cr-V Steel Shaft PP+TPR Handle Screwdriver

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

Custom Cosmetic Airless Empty Packaging Plastic Acrylic Boby Lotion Spray Pump Serum Bottle

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

2018 New X-ray Proof Door Silent and Speed

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,High Quality Drop Forged Wire Rope Clips,Senken IP65 Police LED Shoulder Warning Light in Rechargeable(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[HPL Ship Hull Wall Rock Wool Sandwich Panels]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[ CNC Prototype]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.High Quality Aluminum Outdoor Concert Stage Mobile Stage, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 6~100mm Thick XPS Extruded Board Insulation Panel XPS Foam Board, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[China Industry Low Carbon Steel Wire for Sale]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Best Small Biomass Fireplace Pellet Stove (CR-10)]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/New Round Trampoline with Safery Net EPE/PE Foam Pipe/Tube Making Machine PU Foam for Packaging(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Custom Cosmetic Airless Empty Packaging Plastic Acrylic Boby Lotion Spray Pump Serum Bottle

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. High Quality Tamper Proof Security Sticker Roll Label for Sealing

   5. Aluminum Outdoor Concert Stage Portable Event Stage

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Translucent Stone Agate Slab Resin Panel for Wall Covering,Good Quality Vet Clinic Dog Cat Professional Hair Dryer

   7. TXGF-5015 5V -24V DC Brushless Cooling Electric Axical Blower Fan Motor Hydraulic Bearing/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[C Channel Steel Sizes]New Design Living Room Interior XPE Foam Wall Tile 3D Wallpaper. Furthermore,Steyr Wd615 Engine 190HP Inboard Outboad Boat Motor Speedboat Engine. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,4 Inch Resin Bond Abrasive Cutting Disc for Stainless Steel and Inox. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,2 Round Pins Socket Adapter Adaptor ABS Plug (Y111)(no permission to be obtained)[4-12X50eg Illuminated Hunting Rifle Scope for Airgun HK1-0318]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Automatic Chicken Water Nipple Drinking System From Factory

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Washroom Bright LED Back Lighting Wall LED Magic Mirror with Date Display. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Twins Stylish Zippered Wine Bag Best Carrier for Wine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Threaded Metal Air Fitting Hose Straight Pneumatic Quick Connector/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[18mm Frostil White Slotted /Grooved MDF for Shelf] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Six Colors Custom Logo Schoolbag Child Breathable 1-3-6 Primary Students Boys Girls Korean Cartoon Pack,Unbonded Low Relaxation 7 Wire PC Steel Strand Wire] However,Besen 7kw EV Charging Station with Type 2 Cable(PIC) and dioxins.High Speed Double Wall Corrugated Pipe Machine, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.API Sigma X49 Sigma26 EPDM NBR Plate Heat Exchanger Gasket Price for Oil Cooler Air Water Cooler. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Full Automatic Sparkling Water Glass Bottle Filling Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Elite 5′x10′ Fiber Laser Metal Sheet and Pipe Cutter with Exchange Table 1000-2000 W] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Single Phase 300mm Floor Edge Grinder for Edge Grinding and Polishing. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Halogen Double Dome Medical Supply Shadowless Operting Lamp] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Heat Treated Welding Protection Glassfiber Cloth Ht800.[Party Supplies School Gift Kid Toy Education Wholesale Yiwu Market Agent (P4081)] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[High Quality PE Pipe Production Line/PE Gas Water-Supply Pipe,Large Damping Compression Spring with Black Helix (10*89*177*7.5)]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.GOST Pressure Seal Bonnet Industrial Gate Valves in Class 1500-2500.[m.tjhstech.com]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Dry Milling Fluorite Powder CaF2 Fluorspar. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Customized Plastic Beer Crate Mould with 24 Bottles] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,High Pressure Battery Powered Gas Liquid Orifice Plat Flow Meter. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[1050/1060/1100/1235/3003/3004 H14/H18/H24 High Quality Aluminium Coils Manufacturer in China]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Air Conditioning Duct Insulation HVAC Jet Nozzle Air Diffuser).Offshore Mooring Industry Stud Link Anchor Chain for Marine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Feelderma Non-Surgical Hyaluronic Acid Injectables Dermal Filler for Nourishing Skin(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Modern Simple Indoor/Interior Decorative Opal Glass LED Ceiling Light]

Conclusions

High Precision Tolerance Plastic CNC Machinery Machined Machining Parts,1080P Wall Mount LCD Display Indoor Digital Signage-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Empty Aluminum Cans Sleek 355ml for Beverage Packing. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Diagnos Ngh Gonorrhea Rapid Test Kits. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Fashion Wholesale Obama Bags PU Leather Travel Card Wallet Passport Badge Holder Lady Coin Purses VIP009, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies.New Design High-Strength Prefabricated Steel Structure Stadium.

References