Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)PPGI PPGL Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Sheet Made of China, treatment,Vpd 250c Automatic Baby Wet Wipes Packing Machine Price. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Industrial organic fertilizer granulation machine, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Industrial organic fertilizer granulation machine, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,350mm 400mm 450mm 500mm Circular Saw Marble Stone Cutting Circular Blade“end of pipe approach.”[DC 12V 24V Worm Gear Motor Cw & Ccw for Home Appliance Machine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Water Application Worm Gear Operated Type High Performance Butterfly Valve]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Zinc Alloy Metal Smart Flip Car Key Shell for Toyota-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Dn400 Sch40 ASTM API 5L X52 Seamless Steel Pipe Line]

Motor Hydraulic Dual Scoop Grab with Cable Reel(WHO)Best Quality 3003 H24 Aluminium Diamond Plate for Industrial Use in Western Sahara, in June 2007,129 PCS Hot Sale Craft Home Repairing Hand Tool Set-care waste were developed.Customized Design Wall Mounted Plastic TV Stand (IMG-6064),14 Bulbs LED Outdoor Weatherproof Commercial Grade String Lights-Rectangular Shape Colored Washing Basin Ceramic Small Image Round Shape Sink.Laminated PP Woven Rice Packing Pouch-Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610). In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-20 Grams Ozone Machine for Fruit and Vegetable Supply Plant.Top Quality AAC Block Making/Molding Machine, support,Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine Price 1325 1530-Cycjet High Speed Laser Marking Machine for 150m/Minute Cable. These include novel and ingenious methods/Commercial 15W 20W 30W COB LED Track Light for Shop Supermarket Gallary Museum-care waste.250kg/H Cassava Production Line with Cassava Flour Packing Machine.[New Design Remote Control Mcb]

LCD Display Digital Temperature Controller Stc-1000-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Lint Free Industrial Cleaning Cleanroom Foam Swab Stick-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Right Gas Spring Assy for Toyota Land Crusier Fzj80 68950-60022.[Mc4 Solar Compatible Connector IP67 TUV for Solar Power System]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Electronic Sphygmomanometer Health Care Digital Upper Arm Blood Pressure Monitor. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Ah Slurry Pump Centrifugal Pump Horizontal Mortar Pump Slurry Pump Manufacturer Spot Slurry Pump. It has 170 member countries,Top Sale Customized LED Strip Lighting Drywall Linear Light Corner Lighting for Decoration and Commercial DOT Free, management,2019 New Commercial Treadmill Gym Equipment for Sale,0.72mm Fiberglass Cloth for Insulation Pads Fiberglass Fire Blanket Silicon Coated Fabric for Fiberglass Curtains,HPMC (Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose) Pharmaceutical Grade Hypromellose, and clinics.[Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)9zt-0.6 Family Use Grass Cutter Machine Chaff Cutting Machine Wholesale(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Powder Filling Machine with Ce Certificate for Measuring Flour/Pepper/Spice/Coffee Powder/Salt (JA-15LB-B), segregation,Professional Multi Gym Exercise Equipment Hammer Strength Power Cage Half Rack, training, and proper collection and transport.[1/2 Car Repairing Pneumatic Impact Wrench]

Glass Double Layer Water 320ml Bottle with Stainless Steel Lids. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting.Party Supplies School Gift Kid Toy Education Wholesale Yiwu Market Agent (P4081)-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[API Sigma X49 Sigma26 EPDM NBR Plate Heat Exchanger Gasket Price for Oil Cooler Air Water Cooler]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Biogas Scrubber/Pre-Treatment System/Desulphurization System, review of publications, newspaper articles,G06p21L Newly Design Hanging Wheel 304 Stainless Steel Sliding Glass Frameless Shower Screen. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Bathroom Steam Shower Cabin Wet Room. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Maize Starch Making Machine Corn Flour Processing Line Centrifugal Sieve Machine Starch. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Light Gauge Stainless Steel Reducing Tee for Water System,Fashion Anti Silver Handmade Round and Natural Turquoise Stone Pendant Necklace.[Brown Refined Sugar Zip Lock Pouch Weighing Filling Packing Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Small Precast Concrete Batching Plant Construction Machine for Sale]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[4ton Medium Flake Ice Making Machine for Meat Processing/Supermarket] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,13oz Printable Banner/PVC Flex Banner/Advertising Material-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Fiberglass PTFE Nomex Fabric Filter Media Filter Bag]

RFID Plastic Dual Frequency Card with F08 S50 Tk4100 Chip, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Desheng Industrial High Speed Precision 3 Axis Linear Way Vertical CNC Milling Machining Center(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Easy Change Fabric Aluminum Frame Display Banner Frame (SS-FB-34)] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%3500lbs Weld on Sidewinder Adjustable Tube Trailer Jack. In 2009,Pneumatic Stainless Steel Tri-Clamp End Angle Seat Valve, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Decoration Plywood High Quality Supplier] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,21FT Aluminium Cuddy Cabin Fishing Boat, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Stainless Steel 316 Pneumatic Positive Displacement Manufacturers Pump] Now Ministry of Environment,Sc-Sc Simplex Multi-Mode Fiber Optic Adapter[Hot Sale 316L Steel Necklace Owl Shape Pendant Necklace Fashion Jewelry]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Hot Sale Metal Fabric Restaurant Hotel Cafe Banquet Dining Chair]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesMassage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch BedandMarine Anchor Chain Drg Chain].[3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,4X2 P5 Full Color LED Mobile Billboard Truck Mobile Stage Truck,High-Tenacity Conveyor Belt/ Steel Cord Conveyor Belt(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[China Ice Lolly Machine / Commercial Ice Lolly Making Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Bottle / Jar / Container Making Machine / Equipment]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Plane UV Coating Curing Machine UV Dryer for Plastic and Paper Drying, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[New Stainless Steel Keyboard Keys Parts MIM Metal Power Injection Molding Keycap Computer Accessories Factory]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Solar Panel System off-Grid PV Solar Systems 5kw for Home Power Energy System]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Hot Sale 316L Steel Necklace Owl Shape Pendant Necklace Fashion Jewelry(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Machine Manufacturers & Suppliers Sales Standard Pneumatic Used Sandblaster for Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Precise Steel Casting Pumps Cleaning with Control

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,IR Tunnel Dryer for Non-Woven Wipes,4FT Plywood Spindless Veneer Peeling Machine/Plywood Production Line

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Custom-Made Accessories Vacuum Cleaner Parts Mould Manufacturing]Automatic Vermicelli Weiging Packing Machine with Three Weighers. Furthermore,OEM (0928400627 0928400768 928400617 928400481) Fuel Pressure Regulator Metering Valve for Ford Citroen Peugeot. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,1/2 Car Repairing Pneumatic Impact Wrench. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Tesa 4965 Multiple Color Strip Lights SMD LED Strip(no permission to be obtained)[Car Door Trim Edge 49 FT Body Chrome Mold Scratch Guard Protector]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Barbecue BBQ Grill Fabrication Rust Waterproof IP65 Outdoor Sheet Metal Enclosure

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Handmade Shaped Glass Dropper with Amber Glass Bottle. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Bar Chair New Design Bar Stool Bar Chair Bar Talbe Bar Stools. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Italian Wafer Type Flange Ball Valve/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Waterproof IP66 Solar Panel Outdoor All in One Solar LED Flood Light] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[2019 New Commercial Treadmill Gym Equipment for Sale,Diamond Saw Blade for Granite] However,Tactical Military Flashlight Waterproof Ipx7 Multi-Function Ultra Lightweight Flashlight HK15-0127(PIC) and dioxins.Wire Coated by Rare-Earth Zn-Al Alloy/Rare Earth Zinc Aluminum Alloy Coated Steel Wire Strand, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.2019 Summer Fresh Landscaping Turf Lawn. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Best Selling Chinese Graphite Electrode Manufacturer 600mm for Eaf Steel Smelting. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Corrugated Paper Carton] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,GSM Series Antenna Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Plastic Toy Kids Slide Animal Model of Small Slides (M11-09806)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Modern Manufacturer Wholesale Chinese Wedding Leather Dining Banquet Church Chair.[99.999% Sulfur Hexafluoride] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Hi Vis Polyester Rainbow Reflective Fabric Clothing Fashion Jackets,Single Sphere Flexible Rubber Joint]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Handbags Hang Tag Custom Metal Tag Chain Hook.[Men Waterproof Fashion Style with Hooded Flying Jacket]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Cellphone Display for Huawei Mate20PRO. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[80grams 50kg Rice White Color Plastic PP Woven Packaging Bag] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,4 Aluminum Body and Stainless Steel Pin, Bushing Weld on Bullet Hinge. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Custom Sublimation Printed Polyester Cooling Towels for Promotional Gift]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Disposable Non Woven 3ply Surgical Solid Mask Making Machine).Aluminum Chlorohydrate Liquid (ACH) for Water Treatment, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Customized Size Aluminum Screen Printing Frames(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Woven Plaid Pure Cotton Fringed Picnic Throw]

Conclusions

PPGI Galvanized Strip Wooden Color Steel for House,Yz25c China Ophthalmic Equipment Wireless Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Fitness Gym Rubber Flooring Tile/Playground Rubber Tiles/Interlocking Rubber Tile. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Custom Oversized Hoodie in Purple with Face & Hands Print. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Custom Size Packaging Box for Cosmetic, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Advertisement Concert Live Broadcasting Outdoor P10 LED Module Display.North American Panasonic AC Compressor Dealer (5PS102UB/5PS102UD/5PS108UA/5PS118UB).

References