Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Galvanized Scaffold Thread Tie Rod for Formwork Construction, treatment,Warm Breathable Windproof Waterproof Polyester Taslon Outdoor Jacket for Winter. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Drinking Mineral Water Filling Machine/Water Bottling Plant, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Drinking Mineral Water Filling Machine/Water Bottling Plant, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Automatic Dry Food Weighing Pillow Packing Machine with 2 Weighers“end of pipe approach.”[Tw Elegant Fancy Design Salon Reception Counter Parlour Front Desk (TW-PART-144)]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[CCC Certification Three Core 3X0.75mm2 Rubber Braided Wire Bare Wire Tail Power Extension Cord]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Carbon Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Fiber Laser CNC Cutting Machine-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Dongfeng Foton Diesel Engine Mini Caravans Motor Homes]

6X15watt RGBW LED Wash Beam Moving Head Light(WHO)Dn15-20 horizontal type piston R315 China water meter, in June 2007,KW5701 Ultrasonic Rainbow Night Light Humidifier Aroma Diffuser-care waste were developed.8 Bar Tunnel Driving Air Compressor Portable Explosion-proof Screw Compressor,Sinotruk HOWO Steyr Truck Spare Parts Cylinder Liner (Vg1500010344)-Best Industria Home Server Low Power PC 5V Mini Computer Desktop PC.2019top Sale Textile Machine Parts High Perforamance Hearing Aids Induction Coil-Best Teeth Whitening Herbal Toothpaste Squeezer with Basil Ingredient. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-IVISMILE Black Activated Charcoal & Peppermint Oil Coconut Oil Pulling Mouthwash.Luxury Aroma Reed Diffuser with Rattan Sticks for Decoration, support,16 Ton Tyre Asphalt Roller XP163 Pneumaric Roller-Scan Shield RFID Blocking Card, Credit Card Protector. These include novel and ingenious methods/Hello3d RoHS PLA Filament 1.75mm 3D Print Materials-care waste.High Voltage Relay for New Energy Vehicle.[Adjustable Packing Strap]

Ppopular Glass Coffee Table Desig for Wholesale-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Custom Printed/Embossed White Earring Packaging Card-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Transparent Plastic PVC Playing Cards with Aluminium Box.[Op-10 Price of Medical Direct Ophthalmoscope Set]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Mini High Borosilicate Glass Essential Oil Bottle with Meatal Dropper. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Bnh Cheap Price Triple Wall Polycarbonate Hollow Sheet Polycarbonate Roofing Panel(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Adjustable Grooming Table, segregation,Anti Foaming Additive Defoamer Filler Masterbatch for Shopping Bags, training, and proper collection and transport.[High Quality Drop Forged Wire Rope Clips]

Crown Moulding for Gypsum Cornice. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Grating Platform Projects with Ce Certificate.Pet Toys Scratcher Tower House Condo Hammock Castle Cat Tree-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Ziplock Flat Bottom Pouch Biodegradable Coffee Packaging Bag with Valve]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Automatic Online Small Packages Check Weigher Machine/Weight Checker with Rejector, review of publications, newspaper articles,Hot Selling 24V LED Garden Light for Park. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Cheap Water Bottle PVC Heat Shrink Labels Label Sleeve Labels. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.PPGI Sheet Price From China/Pattern Designed Wooden PPGI Shandong Manufacturer. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Hydraulic-Mechanical Large Car Panel Container Sheet Making Machine Supplier,Textile Ssa Na2so4 Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous 99% pH6-8.[EVA Glass Laminating Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Shinning Chameleon Mermaid Unicorn Nail Art Chrome Mirroe Pigment]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[304 Stainless Steel 14mesh Window Security Screens] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Wisdom Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Cap Lamp/LED Lighting-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Simple Modern Small Apartment Leather Sofa Living Room First Layer Cowhide Three-Family Furniture Hotelhb01-92]

925 Sterling Silver Tree Design Wedding Party Cubic Zircon Long Hanging Drop Earring, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Semi-Automatic Shopping Bag Gift Bag Machine Handbag Machine Paper Bagging Machine Zb50b-2(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Custom Waterproof Paper Decorative Gold Silver Foil Washi Tape] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%White Polyester Heat Preservation Packing and Shipping Wool Painter Felt. In 2009,Small Electric DC Motor High Speed Electrical DC Motor, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[1-5kg Full Automatic Fruit Juice Vertical Filling Machine] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,High Output Rice and Corn Food Milling Grinder Machines, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Aluminum Outdoor Concert Stage Portable Event Stage] Now Ministry of Environment,Waste Paperboard Hydraulic Pressing and Strapping Machine with ISO 9001[Custom Fashion 3D Logo Woven Label Puff Sew Iron Clothes Label Name Tag Cartoon Car Label Printing Fabric Garment Felt Sequin Towel Embroidery Police Patch]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [5g Flat Knitting Machine for Sweater (AX-132S)]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesOEM Automatic Molding Machine / Molding Line for Manhole Cover ProductionandIndustrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine].[5kw on-Grid PV Solar Power Energy Home System]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Polyester Flat Yarn Sleeve,30.5cc Popular Powerful Petrol Brush Cutter (TT-BC305)(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[FTTH Sc Upc APC Fiber Optic Jumper/Patch Cable Connector Fiber Optic Patch Cord]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[EPDM 1/4′′ X 50 Foot Red / Green Twin Hose with B B Fittings]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.60t/H Asphalt Mixing Equipment, Road Construction Machinery, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. High Capacity Nonwoven Machinery Glue Free Padding Wadding Machine Line for Jacket Lining Fabric Polyester Fiber Thermal Bonded Wadding Roll Making Stiff Plant, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Horizontal Flat Bed CNC Metal Lathe (CAK6140 CAK6150)]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Custom Sizes Pet Food Packaging with Zipper]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/6.35mm Mono Plug to 2X RCA Jacks(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.PVC Foam Board Extrusion Machine Production Line

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Libya Steel or Iron Stainless Door Hardware Ball Bearing Hinge

   5. Steel Structure Building Prefabricated Industrial Warehouse

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Gypsum Powder Valve Bag Packing Machine,High Quality Cotton Dyed Embroidery Thick Bath Towel Hotel Towel Swimming Towel

   7. CNC Machinery for Aluminum Profile Milling &Drilling/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Tail Gas Hydrogenation Catalyst and Catalyst Carrier]Factory Price Fungicide Tebuconazole 96%Tc CAS 107534-96-3. Furthermore,15 Mobile Portable Wireless USB FM Bluetooth Battery Speaker. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Tct Round Saw Blade for Grass. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Plastic PP Foundation Flip Cap Square Air Cushion Cosmetic Packaging(no permission to be obtained)[Apollo Orion Pit Dirt Bike Footpeg Foot Rest Mount Bar CNC Machining Parts]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Undisturbed Sampler 3 1/2 Denison Core Catcher

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,New Wood Look Waterproof PVC Spc Plastic Vinyl Flooring. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Mechanical Seal Pump Seal Flygt Seal. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,SPA, HOSPITAL, SALON USE Disposable nonwoven briefs/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Automatic Chicken Leg Deboner/Deboning Machine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Egg Tray / Carton Making Machine,High Power Aluminium IP66 LED Streetlight Price List 60W 100W 150W 200W SMD LED Street Light Housing] However,Household Good Performance with Good Price Small Poultry Pelletizing Mill(PIC) and dioxins.Lambo Door Kits for Sale, Cylinder, Gas Spring, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Comfortable Public Furniture Theater Seating Chair for Sale (OC-161). Dioxins are an unintentional by-Cast Iron 1/2 Inch Lug Type Wafer Flange Butterfly Valve. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Ductile Grey Iron Manhole Cover Cast Iron Sewger] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Halogen Double Dome Medical Supply Shadowless Operting Lamp. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[China Mayflay Q37 Hook Type Shot Blasting Machine for Casting] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,0.8mm-3mm 6063 T5 Powder Coating Anodizing Alloy Aluminum Extrusion Profiles for Windows Doors.[Batch Peanut Frying Machine Chicken Deep Fryer Meat Ball Fryer] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Tabletop Marble Ceramic Tile Shelf Sample Display Racks,Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Grating Platform Projects with Ce Certificate]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.2.0mm Aluminum Dva Mesh Sheet.[Asset-Tracking und -Management]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.High Quality Classic Colorful Stainless Steel Pliers. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Recording Studios Reduce Noise Pyramid Sound Absorption Sponge] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Flat Gift Packaging Cardboard Rigid Magnetic Custom Print Clothing Folding Paper Box. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[High Capacity Nonwoven Machinery Glue Free Padding Wadding Machine Line for Jacket Lining Fabric Polyester Fiber Thermal Bonded Wadding Roll Making Stiff Plant]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Security 13.56MHz MIFARE DESFire EV1 2K/4K/8K  Rewearable Silicone RFID Bracelet Wristband).10W Outdoor Solar LED Floodlight Lamp Waterproof Flood Light, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,20W Max Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price for Metal Battery(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Pineapple Glass Milk Bottles/Drinking Bottles/Beverage Bottles/Soft Drinking/Juice Bottles]

Conclusions

Magic Tape Hook and Loop Fasteners,Character LCD Display Monochrome LCD-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,China Made Underground Cable Tray. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Dn80 ISO Awwa ASME Remote Control Pneumatic Cast Iron Steel SS304 SS316 Center Line Wafer Butterfly Valve. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Flame-Retardant PP Sheet, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Inductive Long Cylinder Proximity Switch (LJA18 Series).Chinses Traditonal Story Coloring Book and Story Reading Book.

References