Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Different Dimension Rectangular Flexible Waveguide, treatment,3/4′′ 3way Electric Actuator Brass Ball Valve for Automatic Control (T20-B3-B). It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Pants Children Wears Girls Wears Sleep Wears, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Pants Children Wears Girls Wears Sleep Wears, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Comfortable Operation Condition 17ton Payloader Hydraulic Wheel“end of pipe approach.”[Building Materials Slotted Unistrut C Section Stainless Steel Channel]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Woman Fitness Long Sleeve Sweatshirt Gym Wear Yoga Sports Clothing]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Clear Cow Water Glass Beer with Handle Juice Milk Drinking Cup-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting]

Wholesale Office Chair Components Office Furniture Training Chair Kits(WHO)Aluminum Lighting Stage Screw Truss with Tent, in June 2007,Portable Steel Cable Manual Hand Winch-care waste were developed.Kitchen High Golssy Sheet UV Panel,Children Carpet Plush Rug Play Game Mat Carpet Baby Cushion-HDPE LDPE Biodegradable Automatically Changing Rolls Coreless One Line Eco Friendly Garbage Bag Making Machine.Custom Make Promotional Gift Agenda Diary Notebooks as Your Company Logo-Good Quality Roofing Screw St Type Bsd for Wood with EPDM Washer Size 5.5X35mm Zinc Plated DIN7504K Self Drilling Screw. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Dog Bath Brush with Stainless Steel, Dog Cleaning, Pet Brush.Custom Foam Inserts for White Cardboard Slide Jewelry Packing Box, support,Land Diaper Bag Backpack, Large Capacity Baby Bag Backpack Stylish Maternity Multi-Function Travel Back Pack for Mom Daddy-Supreme PVC Pipe 4 Inch 4kg Rate Latest List Plastic Tubes PVC Pipe Diameter. These include novel and ingenious methods/Multifunction Handheld LED Camping Flashlight for Emergency-care waste.2017 New Design Desert Cooler Swamp Portable Evaporative Air Cooler.[500ml Stainless Steel Thermos Glass Sport Flask Vacuum Kettle Double Wall Water Bottle]

4X4 Wd Car Tail Light for Ranger 2012-2016-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Coil Tube 304 Grade Stainless Steel Manufacturer-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Solid Black Paper Drinking Straws, Wrapped and Unwrapped.[Electronic Keypad Smart Digital Gym Locker Lock]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Fire Fighter Heat Resistant Working Gloves. It has 170 member countries,Construction Building Material High Quality 304 Stainless Steel Grating, management,SS316 Stainless Steel Cable Strap with PVC Coated Black Color,ANSI Building Material Construction High Quality Galvanized Snap on Safety Guard Rail Scaffold,Diamond Saw Blade for Gemstone Cutting, and clinics.[Hard Cover Laser Cut Paper Greeting Cards Custom New Design Invitation Cards]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Factory Design Medal Soft Enamel Glitter Medal Manufacturer Wholesale Medals Suppliers(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Weight Loss Acetic Acid 4.5% Apple Cider Vinegar, segregation,New Smart Big Hydroponics Garden, training, and proper collection and transport.[Car Seat Cover Universal Size Polyester Seat Cover Ad029]

Borosilicate Bakeware Roasting/Baking Cake/Pie Plate From FDA Supplier. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Building Materials Slotted Unistrut C Section Stainless Steel Channel.Hot Sell Original Automatic Sand and Cement Spray Machine-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Wiring Terminal Stamping Part]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.High Quality Waterproof Outdoor Lifesaving Flashlight Torch (SYSG-517), review of publications, newspaper articles,0 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle/Motor/Motorbike Tubeless/Tube Tire Dirt Bike ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,SLA Series High Efficiency Air Source Heat Pumps. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Excavator Parts 8e0468 Bucket Teeth Pins. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,FF5052 Lf3349-3932217 Genuine Original Cummins Fleetguard Oil Fuel Filter Element,Poultry House/Chicken House with Equipment (PCH-6).[Plastic Pipe Shredder]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[New Fcactory 2 DIN 7′′hd 7010 Touch Screen Wince8.0 Radio Stereo Car Videoand Radio Universial MP3 MP4 MP5 Car Player]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Patient Monitorneonate NIBP Cuff] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Wide Mouth Glass Jar with Lid-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Spot Hot CH340g USB to Ttl Serial Port Module Stc Microcontroller]

Yellow / Black Barricade Warning Tape, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,China Factory Directly Sell EPE Foam Light Stick, EPE Foaming Pipe Extrusion Line(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Stainless Steel Vacuum Toothpaste Mixing Machine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%320ml Glass Bottle for Juice Beverage Bottle Water Bottle Drink Bottle Spirit Bottle. In 2009,Outdoor IP65 LED Flood Light 10W 20W 30W 50W 100W High Power LED Floodlight, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Vinyl Flooring Loose Lay Lvt Wood Waving Back PVC Floor] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,30W Watt Solar Powered LED Street Light 30W-120W Solar Light, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Samsung J1301273 Cp45 Cp40 Z Motor P30b04005dxs00 Original Used to Sell] Now Ministry of Environment,Laboratory Three Use Type Ultraviolet Analyzer for Sale[High Efficiency Automatic Slaughter Equipment for Livestock]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Magic Tape Hook and Loop Fasteners]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesSupreme PVC Pipe 4 Inch 4kg Rate Latest List Plastic Tubes PVC Pipe Diameterand2 in 1 Stereo Banana Silicone Baby Teether Toothbrush].[Custom Printing Cardboard Poker Paper Playing Cards for Promotion]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Anti-Yellow Acrylic Solid Surface 6mm 12mm Sheets Corians,50Hz to 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Water Pump(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Top Quality AAC Block Making/Molding Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Besen 7kw EV Charging Station with Type 2 Cable]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Refrigeration Roof Mounted Evaporative Air Cooler for Cold Storage, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Factory Price Cast Iron Floor Grate for Farm Equipment]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Retro Gold Rose Earrings (fresh rose)]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/High Quality Luxury Design French Style MDF/HDF Molded Wood Door Skin Solid Wooden 2 Panel Wood Door(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Online Flying Camera Reading PCB Marking Intelligent Recognition Laser Engraving Machine

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Hot Sale Wine Air Inflatable Column Cushion Bag for Bottle Protection,Ultrasonic Fish Type Face Mask Machine

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Large 3D Printer Fdm Machine Big Size for Printing Industrial desin]Waste Engine Oil Filtration Equipment Oil Cleaning Machine. Furthermore,Size 30 X 30 Cm Classic Microfiber Cloth for Car Cleaning 4001. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Refurbished Used Mobile Phone for Huawei Honor 8X Unlocked Original Mobile Phone with Boxes and Accessories. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Plastic Composite Roof Tile Production Line(no permission to be obtained)[Halloween Decoration Battery Operated LED Skull Shaped Pendant String Light]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,2~24, 24~288 Cores Singlemode G652D Duct Air Blown Micro Fiber Optic Cable

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Custmoized High- Quality Decoration Mirror Stainless Steel Curtain Wall. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Customized Logo Outdoor Hanging Swinging Camping Hammock/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Efficiency Vibratory Sifter/Sieve/Screen for Aluminum Oxide in China] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Full Size PE Water Pipe Price List Goody Supplier,China Manufacturer Circular Saw Marble Diamond Blade for Granite Marble Stone Cutting Diamond Saw Blade] However,Hzs90 Ready Mix Concrete Plant Equipment(PIC) and dioxins.12 Bottles Portable Home Ues Thermoelectric Wine Chiller, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.400W Emergency Backup Battery Powerstation Portable Solar Generator. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Latex Paint Emulsion Thickener Agents with High Leveling Property. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Pad Printing Ink Scraping Ceramic Ring] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Current Transducer Hall Effect Current Sensor with High Accuracy. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Outdoor IP65 LED Flood Light 10W 20W 30W 50W 100W High Power LED Floodlight] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Embossed Textured Wallpaper for Solvent Printing.[3500lbs Weld on Sidewinder Adjustable Tube Trailer Jack] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Acrilic Sheet Acrylic Panel,Chicken Cage Mesh Hexagonal Wire Mesh Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.18.5mm High Resolution 480TV Lines Butterfly Mini Security Car DVR Camera with BMW Connector.[G80 Hot DIP Galvanized High Tensile Alloy Lifting Chain]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Plastic Portable Folding Platform Cart/ Flat Folding Wheel Dolly/ Collapsible Wheel Trolley. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Rigging Hardware Turnbuckles with Hook and Eye] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Decor Beautiful Sweet Donut Shop Wall Metal Tin Signs. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[4 Fibers Wall-Mounted FTTH Distribution Box]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Uruguay Customers Promotion Steel Buidlings).Factory Custom Personalized Garment Accessories Funny Kids Patch Holder Quilt Hat Denim Pants Jean Jacket Clothing Label Tag Police Uniform Badge with Design, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Cheaper and Fine Chocolate Holding Tank for Sale(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Durable ESD Cleanroom Silicon Sticky Roller]

Conclusions

Stud Anchor Chain, Mooring Chain, Hatch Board Chain, Buoy Chain,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Shacman F3000 Power Engine 430HP Rhd LHD 6X4 Tractor Truck. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.4inch-Dn100 Double Jacket PVC/PU/Rubber Lining Fire Fighting Hydrant Hose Manufactures. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,OEM Brand 400ml Aerosol Household Insecticide Spray Mosquito Repellent, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Beer Cans Sealing Machine Food Canning Sealing Machine.Chicken Cage Mesh Hexagonal Wire Mesh Machine.

References