Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Stainless Steel Frameless Glass Balcony Railing/Glass Balustrade for Terrace, treatment,Gift Packing Wholesale Printed China Factory Ribbon Tape. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Dental Reamer Endodontic Root Cannal Instrument Hand Use, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Dental Reamer Endodontic Root Cannal Instrument Hand Use, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,97% Organic Hemp Extract Cannabidiol Cbd Isolate Powder“end of pipe approach.”[Reflective Materials Fabric with High Tensity]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Automatic Biological Bacteria Fermenting Machine]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Wholesale Stylish Students School Bag Pretty Backpack-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[8 Bar Tunnel Driving Air Compressor Portable Explosion-proof Screw Compressor]

Cellulose Ethers for Tile Adhesives Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose(WHO)Supermarket Display Combined Island Freezer Sliding Glass Door Commercial Refrigerator, in June 2007,6601 6061 T6 Aluminum Stamping Parts, Metal Stamping Parts-care waste were developed.Ripstop Cotton Fabric with Flame-Retardant Finish 280GSM,Dia350mm 400mm 450mm Arix Diamond Saw Blade-Automatic Chicken Leg Deboner/Deboning Machine.Factory Price of Industrial Hydrochloric Acid 32%-Decorative Stainless Steel Sheet Pipe PVD Titanium Coating Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Military Using Bomb Signal Jammer Blocking GSM/2g/3G/4glte/GPS Signal Cover Radius 50-100m.Sf6, Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas, 99.9-99.999%, High Purity, support,Wholesale Durable Student Kids Cute Insulated Tote Cooler Lunch Bag-Small Injection Molding Machine Price. These include novel and ingenious methods/11kw EV Charger Station Charging Point with Type 2 Cable 20 Feet-care waste.Mc4 Solar Compatible Connector IP67 TUV for Solar Power System.[Nacm--90 Binder Chain Lashing Chain with 2 Hooks]

6.5m Aluminum Cuddy Cabin Cruiser Fishing Boat-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Mobile Hospital Truck Portable Shipping Container Clinic for Rescue-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Retro Gold Rose Earrings (fresh rose).[Machine Manufacturers & Suppliers Sales Standard Pneumatic Used Sandblaster for Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Precise Steel Casting Pumps Cleaning with Control]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Laminated Glass Insulating Glass Tempered Toughened Safety Building Glass for Windows Doors Partitions Fence Rail Floor Curtain Wall. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire. It has 170 member countries,133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frame, management,Hot Selling P460 Heap Air Purifier Air Cleaner Air Freshener Room Air Filter,Silicone Rubber Foot for Electronics/Silicone Sticky Pad Supplier,China Farm Equipment Stationary Tmr Feed Mixer, and clinics.[Professional Medical Wrist Digital Blood Pressure Monitor for Home Care]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Pineapple Glass Milk Bottles/Drinking Bottles/Beverage Bottles/Soft Drinking/Juice Bottles, segregation,Promotion Gift Colorful Gel Ice Pack Cooler Wine Pack Chiller, training, and proper collection and transport.[Cycjet High Speed Laser Marking Machine for 150m/Minute Cable]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade, review of publications, newspaper articles,Moulding Part and Mould for Precision Parts,Electronics/Electrics,Automotive,Elbow Pipe,Industrial,Plastic Mould,Multi-Cavities Mould, Overmoulding, 2K Mould.. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Full Automatic Folding Gluing and Stitching Combined Inline. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Dn50 Heat Resistant Flexible Steam Rubber Hose Pipe. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Amazon Best Selling Sports Ankle Support Sleeves Compression,DOP-Dioctyl Phthalate 99.5% Plasticizer for PVC Plastic.[Stainless Steel Plate CNC Armoured Guide Way Shield Protective Bellow Covers]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[40-320 Ton Asphalt Batching Plant Hot Mixed Asphalt Plant]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Offshore Mooring Industry Stud Link Anchor Chain for Marine] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Beautiful Custom Printed Retail White Card Paper Shopping Bags with Handles-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[DC 12V 24V Worm Gear Motor Cw & Ccw for Home Appliance Machine]

Nihon MEK7222K Hemolyse 3 MEK Lyse for Hematology Analyzer, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Heavy Duty Cargo Transport Lashing Chain with Hooks(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Water Application Worm Gear Operated Type High Performance Butterfly Valve] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Automatic Dog Hair Dryer Within 15 Minutes. In 2009,Outdoor Zero Signal Zone Emergency Video Audio Transmission, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[High Quality Polishing Round Optical Jgs3 Clear Quartz Discs] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,China Wholesale Waterproof Softshell Jacket Mens, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Dn400 Sch40 ASTM API 5L X52 Seamless Steel Pipe Line] Now Ministry of Environment,5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 60ml 100ml 120ml PE Plastic Unicorn Empty Bottle Squeeze E Liquid Dropper Bottle[Mc4 Solar Compatible Connector IP67 TUV for Solar Power System]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables1/2 Car Repairing Pneumatic Impact WrenchandMountain Bike For Children].[API Sigma X49 Sigma26 EPDM NBR Plate Heat Exchanger Gasket Price for Oil Cooler Air Water Cooler]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,PE Tent Material for The Temporary Rain Shelter,China Manufacturer Circular Saw Marble Diamond Blade for Granite Marble Stone Cutting Diamond Saw Blade(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Easy Change Fabric Aluminum Frame Display Banner Frame (SS-FB-34)]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Stainless Steel 316 Pneumatic Positive Displacement Manufacturers Pump]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.40-320 Ton Asphalt Batching Plant Hot Mixed Asphalt Plant, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Different Dimension Rectangular Flexible Waveguide, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Hot Sale 316L Steel Necklace Owl Shape Pendant Necklace Fashion Jewelry]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Hot Sale Metal Fabric Restaurant Hotel Cafe Banquet Dining Chair]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/3/4′′ 3way Electric Actuator Brass Ball Valve for Automatic Control (T20-B3-B)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Pants Children Wears Girls Wears Sleep Wears

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Wholesale Office Chair Components Office Furniture Training Chair Kits,Aluminum Lighting Stage Screw Truss with Tent

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[School Supply Manufacture]Kitchen High Golssy Sheet UV Panel. Furthermore,Children Carpet Plush Rug Play Game Mat Carpet Baby Cushion. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,HDPE LDPE Biodegradable Automatically Changing Rolls Coreless One Line Eco Friendly Garbage Bag Making Machine. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Custom Make Promotional Gift Agenda Diary Notebooks as Your Company Logo(no permission to be obtained)[Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Good Quality Roofing Screw St Type Bsd for Wood with EPDM Washer Size 5.5X35mm Zinc Plated DIN7504K Self Drilling Screw

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Dog Bath Brush with Stainless Steel, Dog Cleaning, Pet Brush. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Diamond Saw Blade for Gemstone Cutting. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Factory Design Medal Soft Enamel Glitter Medal Manufacturer Wholesale Medals Suppliers/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Cotton Tapes/Lanyard Ribbon Automatic Screen Printing Machine,OEM & ODM Professional Manufacturer of Plastic Injection Molding] However,Weight Loss Acetic Acid 4.5% Apple Cider Vinegar(PIC) and dioxins.New Smart Big Hydroponics Garden, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Borosilicate Bakeware Roasting/Baking Cake/Pie Plate From FDA Supplier. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Building Materials Slotted Unistrut C Section Stainless Steel Channel. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Frosted Mirror Bathroom Decorative Mirror Beveled Edge Etched Pattern LED Mirror Antique Glass Mirror] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Hot Sell Original Automatic Sand and Cement Spray Machine. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[SMD 3030 Replace 125W Metal Halide Lamp Mhl HPS 40W Solar Street Light LED 12V 24V 36V] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,High Quality Waterproof Outdoor Lifesaving Flashlight Torch (SYSG-517).[China Ice Lolly Machine / Commercial Ice Lolly Making Machine] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Bottle / Jar / Container Making Machine / Equipment,New Stainless Steel Keyboard Keys Parts MIM Metal Power Injection Molding Keycap Computer Accessories Factory]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.0 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle/Motor/Motorbike Tubeless/Tube Tire Dirt Bike ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18.[Surprise! Range Hood Free! ! ! Fast Food Caravan]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.SLA Series High Efficiency Air Source Heat Pumps. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Solar Panel System off-Grid PV Solar Systems 5kw for Home Power Energy System] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Excavator Parts 8e0468 Bucket Teeth Pins. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Car Door Trim Edge 49 FT Body Chrome Mold Scratch Guard Protector]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (FF5052 Lf3349-3932217 Genuine Original Cummins Fleetguard Oil Fuel Filter Element).Poultry House/Chicken House with Equipment (PCH-6), waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Wide Mouth Glass Jar with Lid(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Waterproof IP66 Solar Panel Outdoor All in One Solar LED Flood Light]

Conclusions

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References