Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Alloy Steel Casting Comb Board for Cement Producing Equipment, treatment,Dongfeng 6X4 15cbm High Presure Sewage Suction Sludge Vacuum Tanker Cleaning Fecal Truck. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Prefabricated or Custom Designed Commercial Metal Storage Building, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Prefabricated or Custom Designed Commercial Metal Storage Building, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk“end of pipe approach.”[5kw on-Grid PV Solar Power Energy Home System]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[T200 Small Desktop Lead Free PCB Reflow Oven]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/IQF Industrial Vegetable Fruit Frozen Machine-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[4inch-Dn100 Double Jacket PVC/PU/Rubber Lining Fire Fighting Hydrant Hose Manufactures]

Stainless Steel 304 Solar Accessories Cable Clip(WHO)Potassium Humate Powder, Humic Acid Powder, in June 2007,Dentistry Equipment Light Illuminator Unlimited Dental Oral Lamp Light-care waste were developed.Alloy Anodised Rail Leadshine Servo Motor Customized Length Linear Guide Bearing,Transparent Blue Color PE Protective Films for Window Glass-Summer Elegance Oeko Tex-100 Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt.Four Layer Cat Playing Scratching Tree 50′′-High Precision Tolerance Plastic CNC Machinery Machined Machining Parts. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-1080P Wall Mount LCD Display Indoor Digital Signage.Empty Aluminum Cans Sleek 355ml for Beverage Packing, support,Diagnos Ngh Gonorrhea Rapid Test Kits-Fashion Wholesale Obama Bags PU Leather Travel Card Wallet Passport Badge Holder Lady Coin Purses VIP009. These include novel and ingenious methods/Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies-care waste.New Design High-Strength Prefabricated Steel Structure Stadium.[Heating Element For Reptile]

3 Axis 4 Axis 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine Vmc850 CNC Machining Center with High Speed-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Modern Living Room Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinets Chinese Wooden Furniture (YH-KC1008)-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,(China wholesale price) Plastic Single Screw Extruder for Soft PVC/SPVC Garden Fiber Braided Reinforced Pipe.[Seismic Exploration Land Cable 428 Waterproof or Land]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Ductile Iron Flexible Coupling and Flange Adaptor. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Hydraulic Power Source and CNC Cutter Machine for Metal Sheet. It has 170 member countries,China Industry Low Carbon Steel Wire for Sale, management,Modern Simple Indoor/Interior Decorative Opal Glass LED Ceiling Light,Sany 22ton Hydraulic Excavator Bucket Sy215c,Compression Fitting - Brass Fitting - Plumbing Fitting (Male ElbowFemale Straight), and clinics.[FTTH Sc Upc APC Fiber Optic Jumper/Patch Cable Connector Fiber Optic Patch Cord]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Mild Steel Twin Shaft Paddle Fertilizer / Detergent Powder Mixing Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Electronic Flying Insect Killer Mosquito Killer Lamp with UV LED Glue Trap, segregation,Dacromet or Black Surface Treatment Hex Bolt High-Temperature Resistant Bolt Corrosion Resisting Bolt, training, and proper collection and transport.[EPDM 1/4′′ X 50 Foot Red / Green Twin Hose with B B Fittings]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Promotional Hot Sale Inflated Helium Balloons for Christmas Party, review of publications, newspaper articles,Skateboard Hybrid Ceramic Ball Bearing 608. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Woman Fitness Long Sleeve Sweatshirt Gym Wear Yoga Sports Clothing. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.High Power Aluminium IP66 LED Streetlight Price List 60W 100W 150W 200W SMD LED Street Light Housing. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,IP66 15-100W Recessed LED Downlight 5 Years Warranty,High Efficiency Vibratory Sifter/Sieve/Screen for Aluminum Oxide in China.[Steel Rolling Mill Rolls]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Custom Sizes Pet Food Packaging with Zipper]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Apollo Orion Pit Dirt Bike Footpeg Foot Rest Mount Bar CNC Machining Parts] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Iron Steel Oxford Butt Hinge Ball Bearing Door Hinge (4X3X2.5mm/3mm-4BB)-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Automatic Chicken Leg Deboner/Deboning Machine]

Fashion Simple Design Wholesale Price Wooden with Mable TV Stand for MDF TV Stand (UL-9BE242), International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Wrangler Jk 07+ Engine Hood Sheild Plate Radiator Cover for Jeep(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Egg Tray / Carton Making Machine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Teflon Seal/Seals Spring Energized, PTFE Spring Energized Seal. In 2009,Bending Press Mining Machine Hydraulic Cylinder, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[100w Corn Light] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,CL2T-CS24 Comlom Ergonomic Knife Sharpener with Ceramic Rod, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[High Power Aluminium IP66 LED Streetlight Price List 60W 100W 150W 200W SMD LED Street Light Housing] Now Ministry of Environment,Batch Type Circulating Wheat Maize Corn Paddy Rice Grain Dryers[China Mayflay Q37 Hook Type Shot Blasting Machine for Casting]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Batch Peanut Frying Machine Chicken Deep Fryer Meat Ball Fryer]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesTabletop Marble Ceramic Tile Shelf Sample Display RacksandPlastic and Wooden Floor Protective Film].[Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Grating Platform Projects with Ce Certificate]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Power Steering Gear Box for Ford Fiesta IV Puma 3972949/3937085,Cannabidiol Powder Cbd 13956-29-1 Nootropics Anti-Cancer Drugs(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[2017 2117 2618 Extruded Square Round Rectangular Aluminum Bar]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Sewage Aeration Treatment Equipment Tri-Lobe Roots Blower for Industrial and Life Waste Water Processing]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Chicken Paw/Wing/Leg/Meat Weight Sorter with Low Price, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Super Transparent Rigid APET Extrusion Clear Plastic Pet Sheet]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Drop Forged Wire Rope Clip]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/18V New Power Tool Lithium Battery Cordless Drill for Sale(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Small Mini Wire Rope Lever Manual Hoist Block with Hand Lifting

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,China High Quality Adhesive Dispensing Machines Manufacturers for Electronics,Simple Modern Small Apartment Leather Sofa Living Room First Layer Cowhide Three-Family Furniture Hotelhb01-92

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[6520 Fish Paper/Polyester Film Insulation Paper Supplier Best-Selling]America 12V 4pin Blade Trailer Plug. Furthermore,Smooth Surface Stainless Steel Banding Strap for Binding Cables. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,New fashion Kids Warm Winter Boots. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Best Seller Laser Machine Reci CO2 Laser Tube Price(no permission to be obtained)[5ml Portable Mini Aluminum Refillable Perfume Bottle with Spray Empty Cosmetic Containers with Atomizer for Traveler New]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Six Colors Custom Logo Schoolbag Child Breathable 1-3-6 Primary Students Boys Girls Korean Cartoon Pack

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Best Small Biomass Fireplace Pellet Stove (CR-10). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Diesel Engine Lubricating Oil Dky176. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Good Price Double Door Drying Dewatering Machine in Stock/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[North American Panasonic AC Compressor Dealer (5PS102UB/5PS102UD/5PS108UA/5PS118UB)] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[High Precision Tolerance Plastic CNC Machinery Machined Machining Parts,Microfiber Faux Upholstery Eco-Friendly PU Artificial Synthetic Sofa Leather for Sofa] However,Handwheel Ductile Iron Wafer Knife Gate Valve(PIC) and dioxins.BPA Free Octopus Design Silicone Baby Teethers Chewing Toys, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.China Supplier Non-Slip Stainless Steel Anti-Slip Crampon Outdoor Walking Hiking Climbing Snow Ice Crampons. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Reliable Quality Flange Ends Stainless Steel Butterfly Valve with Gear Operator. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[m.alsichina.com] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,5mm Spc Vinyl Planks Click Lock Floor PVC Plastic Laminate Flooring. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Customized A4 Brochure Print A5 Catalog Printing Service Custom Catalogue Instrument Book] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Glow in The Dark Luminous Pigment, Bright Nights Glow Powder.[Visbella Quick Bonded Vinyl Leather Repair Kit /Set for Car] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Fashion Wholesale Obama Bags PU Leather Travel Card Wallet Passport Badge Holder Lady Coin Purses VIP009,Jt40 Right Angle Gearbox Bevel Gearboxes Miter Gear Boxes]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.LED Integrated Solar Street Light with Sensor for Outdoor 10W/15W/20W/30W/40W/50W/60W.[Flexible Metal Hose with Braiding]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Rubber Gym Flooring Rolls, Mats, or Tiles. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Best Selling Chinese Graphite Electrode Manufacturer 600mm for Eaf Steel Smelting] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Protective Blue Color Soft Plastic PVC Film for Window Glass. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Caterpillar/Perkins Ecm (Engine Control Module) 348-2380-01 for Perkins/Caterpillar Diesel Engine Parts]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (OEM Anti Vibration Mats Rubber Pad Feet).Wholesale New Products High Quality Cheap Machine Cavitation Explosive Speed Grease Cavitation Slimming, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Food Grade Silicone Bottle Brush Baby Bottle Brush(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Home Interior Decoration]

Conclusions

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References