Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Water-Proof Ceiling Material and PVC Wall Panel for Interior Decorative, treatment,2 Layer HDPE/LDPE Film Blowing Machine Manufacturer. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Hotel Baby Toothbrush Toothpaste Travel Kit, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Hotel Baby Toothbrush Toothpaste Travel Kit, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,3.2*2.2*0.98 Meter Massage Acrylic Outdoor SPA Hot Sale M-3378“end of pipe approach.”[Kraft Paper Charcoal Packing Bag]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Poultry House/Chicken House with Equipment (PCH-6)]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/China Wholesale Hidden 170 Degree 1080P Ahd/Tvi/Cvi/CVBS Surveillance Car DVR Camera-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[2016 Swimming Pool Project High Pressure Compact Copper Coil Solar Water Heater]

5MP CCTV Security Surveillance IP Network Outdoor Bullet Camera with Varifocal Lens(WHO)2018 Latest Decompression Magic Ring Spring Toys 3D Flow Ring 304 Stainless Steel, in June 2007,Wholesale Logo Printed Recycled Retail Paper Shopping Bag with Handle-care waste were developed.High Bright Anti-Glare 8 Inch 60W COB LED Ceiling Downlight,Metal Decoration EVA Women and Ladies Decorative Straw Clip Toe Flip Flop Slipper-Aluminum Coating Decorative Stair Fence Railing Handrail.Low Surface Resistivity HDPE-OEM & ODM Professional Manufacturer of Plastic Injection Molding. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Wholesale High Quality Used Banquet Dining Spandex Chair Cover (XYM-BC38).Drop Forged Wire Rope Clip, support,Stainless Inox Escalator Decorative Panel 304 Grade Brushed Stainless Steel Sheet with 7 PVC Film-Wide Mouth Mason Glass Jars with Lids & Straws Handle 16oz. These include novel and ingenious methods/Sound Barrier Material with Fire Resistant Slot Acoustic Wall Panel-care waste.Natural Avocado Powder Extract.[Wireless Bluetooth Headphone Earphones]

Disposable Infusion Set with Free Needle Blood Transfusion Device-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Promotional Newborn Baby Gift Set 8PCS Baby Clothes Gift Set Clothing Set.[9zt-0.6 Family Use Grass Cutter Machine Chaff Cutting Machine Wholesale]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,High Brightness Indoor P3.91X7.81 Transparent LED Curtain Display Screen. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

High Quality OEM Plastic Automobile Parts Injection Molding. It has 170 member countries,Fire Alarm Smoke Detector Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004), management,10mm Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Price,FTTH 4fe+CATV Gepon Epon ONU with 1 RF Port,Side Sealing Plastic Carry Bag Making Machine Price, and clinics.[5mm Silver Defogging Dimming LED Bathroom Mirror with Touch Screen Lighting Bluetooth Mic]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Computer Jacquard Lace Embroidery Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Ce Approval CO2 Aluminum Cylinder Steel Cylinder Argon Cylinder, segregation,Rema Male and Female Connector 320A 180A Electronic Relay, training, and proper collection and transport.[Easy-Cleaning Mosquito Net Aluminium Wire Mesh]

Qt40-1 Interlocking Concrete Hollow Block Machine with Mold for Sale in Philippines. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Op-10 Price of Medical Direct Ophthalmoscope Set.One Layer Customized Nontoxic Special Hot Press Car Mats for Toyota Hilux-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Oil Proof Kraft Paper Coated PE Wrapping Paper Roll]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.CE Auto Car Spray Paint Booth Wld-8200, review of publications, newspaper articles,Hot Sale Rose Gold Round Decorative Diffuser Glass Bottle with Reed Stick. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Electric Motor with 220V Air Compressor Motor. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.120X120X25mm 12V 24V Computer DC 120mm PC Fan with LED. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,2017 2117 2618 Extruded Square Round Rectangular Aluminum Bar,Cold Drawn/Rolled Seamless Steel Pipe for Hydraulic and Fuel Injection Tubing.[Magnetron Sputtering Coating System]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[AISI H13 SKD61 1.2344/X40crmov5-1 Forged Rolled Mould Steel Flat Bar]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Fully Automatic Machine PCBA Assembly Manufacturer Fast Mobile Phone Charger PCB Board Assembly-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[PVC Heat Shrink Label for Plastic Water Bottle Label]

Naamm Webforge Type 19 W4 Hot-DIP Galvanized Steel Grating, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Electric 3 Wheel Beer Bike for Sale with Water Sink(HCF) in India across 20 states.[2019 New Model High Quality Camo Bump Fitted Camo Camouflage Face Mask for Hunting Outdoor] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Wiring Terminal Stamping Part, Electrical Terminal Part. In 2009,Fiberglass Mesh Filter for Castings, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Portable Mini Collapsible Silicone Cup/Collapsible Silicone Water Bottle] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,DVB-S2 Digital Satellite Receiver with WiFi and Youtobe Function, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[High Quality Gi Steel Drywall Wall Tracks and Studs] Now Ministry of Environment,Small Tracked Transport Vehicle, Agricultural Machinery Garden Mini Crawler Loader[High Output Rice and Corn Food Milling Grinder Machines]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Little Ant Golden Marble/ Ceramic/Tile Cutting Saw Blade]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables Wholesale Unprocessed Virgin Brazilian Hair BundlesandStainless Steel SS316 SS304 A2 A4 M10 M12 M16 M20 DIN6923 Hex Flange Nuts with Serrated].[Manufacturer Print Design Knittedcotton Kids Vest]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

High Pressure Spraying Washing Machine for Jam Production Line

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

Custom Medical Instruments Plastic Parts Injection Molding Company

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

Hot Sell Simple Wooden Watch Quartz Movement OEM in China

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

Interlocking PVC Ceiling Panel PVC Sheet

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,3/8Super Flexible Cable Low Smoke Halogen-Free Fire-Retardant RF Feeder Cable Coaxial Cable,ISO 7241-a Bsp Hyaulic Quick Coupling Hose Connectors(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[High Quality Waterproof Outdoor Lifesaving Flashlight Torch (SYSG-517)]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Carbon Steel Zinc Plated L Shape Sleeve Anchor Bolt with Hooks]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Synthetic Grass Fake Turf Lawn for Public Green Field, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Wall Mount Interactive Touch Digital Dignage Display, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Empty Atomizer Refillable Perfume Travel Spray Bottle Glass & Aluminum Mini]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[New High Efficiency Alumina Ceramic Balls]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Customized Sponge Rubber Weatherstrips Seals Extrusion for Cabinet, Industry Equipment(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Dahu Fashinon New Product HD Fisheye IR CCTV IP Camera

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. High Quality Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Coil/PPGI/PPGL

   5. ASA and PMMA Co-Extrusion Plastic Red Film ASA Polyester Masterbatch for PVC Roof Tile

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,High Quality Pipe Flange / Blind Flange,Manufacturer Supply Red 8 Strand Braided Fishing Line

   7. 400mm Masonry Saw Blade for Marble/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Good Quality Two in One Hydraulic Hose Cutting and Skiving Machine/High Pressure Hose Crimping Machine for Sale]Size Customized Ceramic Fiber Tape for Furnace Pipe with Ss Wire Reinforced Fiberglass Wire. Furthermore,Lab Furniture Steel Frame Wall Bench. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,4-8mm Wine Red/Blue/Yellow/White/Black Paint Glass/Backing Glass. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,High Quality PE Pipe Production Line/PE Gas Water-Supply Pipe(no permission to be obtained)[Computerized Industrial Shuttle Making Machines Pillows]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Custom Made Precision CNC Laser Cutting Aluminium Machining Parts

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,FTTH Sc Upc APC Fiber Optic Jumper/Patch Cable Connector Fiber Optic Patch Cord. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Coil Loose Leaf Kraft Cover A5 Notebook Custom Logo. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Stainless Steel Ball Valve with Flange Type Transdormer Valve/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Custom Eco-Friendly Personalized Sew-on Labels Jeans Genuine Leather Patches with Embossed Logo] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Wholesales 2019 Women Sportswear Workout Fitness Gym Active Wear Legging Sets,Portable Steel Cable Manual Hand Winch] However,Unbonded Low Relaxation 7 Wire PC Steel Strand Wire(PIC) and dioxins.Sea Water Pump for Duplex Material, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Factory Price PVC Slipper Cover Dispensing Machine. Dioxins are an unintentional by-High Quality 42 Inches Smart HD Color 4k LED TV. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Fabric Extension Cords] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,CNC Hydraulic Press Brake, Sheet Metal Plate Bending Folding Machine. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Protective Blue Color Soft Plastic PVC Film for Window Glass] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,EPE Foam Extruder Best Price Polyethylene Knotless Net Extruder.[CL2T-CS24 Comlom Ergonomic Knife Sharpener with Ceramic Rod] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[High Voltage 20kv 22kv 24kv Dry Type Isolation Transformer Price,2017 New Design Desert Cooler Swamp Portable Evaporative Air Cooler]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Refined Pure Metal High Purity 99.99% Lead Ingot.[Scrap Circular Lifting Electromagnetic Crane Plates High Intensity Magnetic Lifter Price]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.All Seasons Outdoor Protector 210d Oxford with Rope. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[45# Steel Folding Wrench Hex Wrench 14 Inch Cross Socket Wrench Hardware Auto Repair Tools] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Jt701 Lock GPS Satelital Lock. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[6.5m Aluminum Cuddy Cabin Cruiser Fishing Boat]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Inner Tube Making Machine / Motorcycle Inner Making Equipment).4ton Medium Flake Ice Making Machine for Meat Processing/Supermarket, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,U. S. Type Turnbuckle Rigging High Quality(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Best Seller EVA Sheet in Hardness 30-55 Degree Shore C]

Conclusions

14 Bulbs LED Outdoor Weatherproof Commercial Grade String Lights,Rectangular Shape Colored Washing Basin Ceramic Small Image Round Shape Sink-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Laminated PP Woven Rice Packing Pouch. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610). The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,20 Grams Ozone Machine for Fruit and Vegetable Supply Plant, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Top Quality AAC Block Making/Molding Machine.Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine Price 1325 1530.

References