Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Bisphenol-a Liquid Epoxy Resin Excellent Corrosion Resistance with Tough and Wear-Resistant Film, treatment,Insulated Roof Panels Partition EPS Wall Panel. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Integrated Sewage Treatment Plant for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Integrated Sewage Treatment Plant for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Pultruded Light Weight FRP/GRP Profiles“end of pipe approach.”[Offshore Mooring Industry Stud Link Anchor Chain for Marine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[DC 12V 24V Worm Gear Motor Cw & Ccw for Home Appliance Machine]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/2.2L Green Color Plastic PETG Fitness Water Bottle with Handle-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Water Application Worm Gear Operated Type High Performance Butterfly Valve]

Food Sugar Liquid Spice Detergent Powder Packing Machine(WHO)Plastic Waste Pet Flakes Recycling Washing Machine, in June 2007,Colorful Halter Short Celebration Dress Summer Dress Cocktail Party Dress-care waste were developed.Caterpillar/Perkins Ecm (Engine Control Module) 348-2380-01 for Perkins/Caterpillar Diesel Engine Parts,5kw on-Grid PV Solar Power Energy Home System-Dyed Yarn Wholesale Colorful Cotton 20/2 Spun Polyester Sewing Thread.New Design Textile Cover Metal Chromed Golden Fabric Leisure Chair-China Factory Direct Supplied Resistant to Rust Women and Men Optical Frames Eyeglasses. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-High Speed Skateboard SKF 608 Hand Spinner Fidget Toy Bearing with Zz RS Seals.Cog 128*64 Display Graphic Type FSTN Positive Monochrome LCD, support,Ep250 Heavy Duty Rubber Conveyor Belt From Shandong Province, China-Tw Elegant Fancy Design Salon Reception Counter Parlour Front Desk (TW-PART-144). These include novel and ingenious methods/Custom Bracelet USB PVC Segmented Tag Wristbands No Minimum Order-care waste.1/4 6.35 mm Plug Connector Phone Jack Mono Stereo Black.[Cement Slurry Tester Products Made in China]

Weilang Used 4-Hi Rolling Mills-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Nonwoven Thermal Bonding Production Line for Making Stiff Polyester Padding-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Hr4151b Auto-Darkening Welding Helmet.[Dn400 Sch40 ASTM API 5L X52 Seamless Steel Pipe Line]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Shockproof Heavy Duty Butterfly for iPad PRO Cover Stand Holder Multi Color Tablet Case for iPad 5 6 7 Case for Kids. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Mirror Polished Auto Brand Car Logo Sign for Toyota(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Ce Certificated 20W/50W/80W/100W/120W Outdoor All in One Integrated LED Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery & Motion Senor, segregation,Wholesale 100% Polyester Unstructured Custom 5 Panel Snapback Cap, training, and proper collection and transport.[Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Vertical Automatic Computer Control Slitting Rewinding Machine for Plastic Film, review of publications, newspaper articles,Custom Sizes Pet Food Packaging with Zipper. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Commercial Electric Taiwan Snow Ice Shaver Machine. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.128 Spindles Wire Braiding Machine. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Single Sphere Flexible Rubber Joint,950ml Soft-Touch Plastic Storage Organizer Bottle with Lid.[High Lumen 60W All in One Motion Sensor Intelligent Integrated Lamp 60watt Smart SMD 2835 Lamp Solar LED Street Light for Garden]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[API Sigma X49 Sigma26 EPDM NBR Plate Heat Exchanger Gasket Price for Oil Cooler Air Water Cooler]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Small Precast Concrete Batching Plant Construction Machine for Sale] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Non-Programmable Heat Pump Heating Thermostat-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[4ton Medium Flake Ice Making Machine for Meat Processing/Supermarket]

High Efficient Disinfection with Low Price N-Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,disc aluminum 1050 1100 1060 3003(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Fiberglass PTFE Nomex Fabric Filter Media Filter Bag] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Stainless Steel Socket Welded Flange. In 2009,Small Canned Peach Process Plant, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[37" Normal Tft Lcd Monitor] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Mini CO2 CNC Laser Cutting and Engraving Machine for Wood Acrylic MDF Paper, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Easy Change Fabric Aluminum Frame Display Banner Frame (SS-FB-34)] Now Ministry of Environment,High Temperature Resistant Fiberglass Needle-Punched Felts[Stainless Steel 316 Pneumatic Positive Displacement Manufacturers Pump]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Hot Sale 316L Steel Necklace Owl Shape Pendant Necklace Fashion Jewelry]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHot Sale Metal Fabric Restaurant Hotel Cafe Banquet Dining ChairandColoring Steel Sheets PPGI Steel Coil PPGI Coil From China Supplier].[Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Performance Hand Tool Cr-V Steel Shaft PP+TPR Handle Screwdriver,Automatic Thin Blade Slitter Scorer Machine(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[SMD 3030 Replace 125W Metal Halide Lamp Mhl HPS 40W Solar Street Light LED 12V 24V 36V]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[China Ice Lolly Machine / Commercial Ice Lolly Making Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Easy-Cleaning Mosquito Net Aluminium Wire Mesh, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Double Roller Rotary Wood Peeling Machine with CE for Sale, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Bottle / Jar / Container Making Machine / Equipment]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[New Stainless Steel Keyboard Keys Parts MIM Metal Power Injection Molding Keycap Computer Accessories Factory]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Home Wall Decoration Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl 3D Design Wallpaper(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Double Jacketed Cooking Kettle Electric Jacket Boiler

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. High Speed Centrifugal Spray Drier (LPG-200)

   5. MID Clamp/End Clamp/ Base/ Holder/ Connector of Solar PV Mounting System

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Personalized and Customized Fracturing Acidification Clay Stabilizer,Automatic Sachet Pouch Bag Coffee Powder Tea Packing Packaging Machine

   7. 500ml/1000ml Clear Kombucha Beverage Cold Brew Coffee Glass Bottle/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[China Supplier Promotion Interlocking Church Chair Stackable Hotel Chair Banquet Chair]High Voltage 20kv 22kv 24kv Dry Type Isolation Transformer Price. Furthermore,High Power Digital Ultrasonic Plastic Soldering Equipment for Filter Bag Welding. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Ready Made Prefabricated House (pH-86). In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Trisun 560d Mechanical Seal Aesseal Nok Eagle ED560(no permission to be obtained)[Solar Panel System off-Grid PV Solar Systems 5kw for Home Power Energy System]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Factory Direct Supply Breathable Stripe Tc Shirt Cotton Fabric Material

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Anti-Corrosion Anti-Skid FRP Floor Moulded Grating 38*38*25mm Manufacture. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Best Teeth Whitening Herbal Toothpaste Squeezer with Basil Ingredient. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,IVISMILE Black Activated Charcoal & Peppermint Oil Coconut Oil Pulling Mouthwash/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Car Door Trim Edge 49 FT Body Chrome Mold Scratch Guard Protector] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Waterproof IP66 Solar Panel Outdoor All in One Solar LED Flood Light,2019 New Commercial Treadmill Gym Equipment for Sale] However,Luxury Aroma Reed Diffuser with Rattan Sticks for Decoration(PIC) and dioxins.16 Ton Tyre Asphalt Roller XP163 Pneumaric Roller, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Scan Shield RFID Blocking Card, Credit Card Protector. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Hello3d RoHS PLA Filament 1.75mm 3D Print Materials. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Piston And Connecting Rod] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,High Voltage Relay for New Energy Vehicle. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Diamond Saw Blade for Granite] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Ppopular Glass Coffee Table Desig for Wholesale.[Plastic Toy Kids Slide Animal Model of Small Slides (M11-09806)] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[99.999% Sulfur Hexafluoride,Hi Vis Polyester Rainbow Reflective Fabric Clothing Fashion Jackets]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Custom Printed/Embossed White Earring Packaging Card.[Customize PCB Assembly Computer Parts]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Transparent Plastic PVC Playing Cards with Aluminium Box. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Single Sphere Flexible Rubber Joint] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Mini High Borosilicate Glass Essential Oil Bottle with Meatal Dropper. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[80grams 50kg Rice White Color Plastic PP Woven Packaging Bag]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Custom Size Data Strip for Supermarket Shelves).Durable Anodized 6061 CNC Aluminum Turning Milling Part Machining, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,High Purity Sodium Benzoate with Best Price(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Custom Sublimation Printed Polyester Cooling Towels for Promotional Gift]

Conclusions

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References