Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)High Power Cell Phone & Lojack + RF 315MHz 433MHz Jammer, High Power Cell Phone Jammer Remote Control Jammer and 16 Antenna, treatment,Durable ESD Cleanroom Silicon Sticky Roller. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Hydraulic Tipping Mini Dumper 500kgs Used for Farm Work or Construction Works, with Gasoline Motor All-Terrain Vehicle Crawler Edh500b, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Hydraulic Tipping Mini Dumper 500kgs Used for Farm Work or Construction Works, with Gasoline Motor All-Terrain Vehicle Crawler Edh500b, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Waterproof IP66 Solar Panel Outdoor All in One Solar LED Flood Light“end of pipe approach.”[Dahu Fashinon New Product HD Fisheye IR CCTV IP Camera]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[ Custom Plastic Injection Bucket Mould Manufacturer]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/80grams 50kg Rice White Color Plastic PP Woven Packaging Bag-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Wholesale Men′s Polycotton Customized Orange Bucket Hat with Cigarette Holder]

China Manufacturer 8X8 Square Metal Tube for Building Construction(WHO)Egg Tray / Carton Making Machine, in June 2007,Hot Sale Twin-Screw Rubber Roll Mill/Rubber Mixing Mill with Two Adjustable Speed Rollers-care waste were developed.New Fcactory 2 DIN 7′′hd 7010 Touch Screen Wince8.0 Radio Stereo Car Videoand Radio Universial MP3 MP4 MP5 Car Player,Industrial Machine Dry Cleaning Shop Disinfect Cabinet-Apollo 6 Full Spectrum LED Grow Light for Indoor Plants Hydroponic.Original High Capacity Black Mamba Dry Herb Vaporizer-Sax 80 Super Action Series 52jbl E-Flat Alto Saxophone Nickel Saxophone Sas-52jbl Alto Falling E Saxophone Saks. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Hot Sale 10 Piece Silicone Kitchen Utensil Set.Small Hydroponic Growing Vegetable Indoor House Plants Hydroponic Cultivator, support,New Park Kids Electric Fiberglass Outdoor Mechanical Carousel Rides for Sale-Stainless Steel Linear Guide Mgn15 Mgn15c, Mgn15h. These include novel and ingenious methods/Factory Direct Sale Custom Durable CNC Machining Central Machinery Parts Fabrication Service-care waste.Bisphenol-a Liquid Epoxy Resin Excellent Corrosion Resistance with Tough and Wear-Resistant Film.[Black Page Notebook With Custom Logo]

Insulated Roof Panels Partition EPS Wall Panel-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Integrated Sewage Treatment Plant for Industrial Wastewater Treatment-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Pultruded Light Weight FRP/GRP Profiles.[One Heads CO2 Laser Cutting Engraving Printing Automatic Machine for Plywood Wood Acrylic PVC Fabric]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,2.2L Green Color Plastic PETG Fitness Water Bottle with Handle. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Food Sugar Liquid Spice Detergent Powder Packing Machine. It has 170 member countries,Plastic Waste Pet Flakes Recycling Washing Machine, management,Colorful Halter Short Celebration Dress Summer Dress Cocktail Party Dress,Caterpillar/Perkins Ecm (Engine Control Module) 348-2380-01 for Perkins/Caterpillar Diesel Engine Parts,5kw on-Grid PV Solar Power Energy Home System, and clinics.[Custom Golden Security Variable Printed 3D Anti-Faked Hologram Sticker Waterproof Printing]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Dyed Yarn Wholesale Colorful Cotton 20/2 Spun Polyester Sewing Thread(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.New Design Textile Cover Metal Chromed Golden Fabric Leisure Chair, segregation,China Factory Direct Supplied Resistant to Rust Women and Men Optical Frames Eyeglasses, training, and proper collection and transport.[Sound Barrier Material with Fire Resistant Slot Acoustic Wall Panel]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Tw Elegant Fancy Design Salon Reception Counter Parlour Front Desk (TW-PART-144), review of publications, newspaper articles,Custom Bracelet USB PVC Segmented Tag Wristbands No Minimum Order. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,1/4 6.35 mm Plug Connector Phone Jack Mono Stereo Black. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Weilang Used 4-Hi Rolling Mills. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Nonwoven Thermal Bonding Production Line for Making Stiff Polyester Padding,Hr4151b Auto-Darkening Welding Helmet.[High Quality 4ge Epon ONU with CATV Sf RF]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Class One UV Laser Marking Machinery for PCB Glass Metal Logo Mark]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Construction Manual Lever Block with Overload Protection] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Shockproof Heavy Duty Butterfly for iPad PRO Cover Stand Holder Multi Color Tablet Case for iPad 5 6 7 Case for Kids-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Custom Made Precision CNC Laser Cutting Aluminium Machining Parts]

Custom Printing Cardboard Poker Paper Playing Cards for Promotion, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Wholesale Cheap Lab PU Injection Outsole Safety Shoes(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Aluminum Lighting Stage Screw Truss with Tent] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Pleated Water Filter Cartridge Filter Water for Water Filter Housing. In 2009,Marble Look Stone Textures Aluminum Sandwich Panel, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[BBQ Thermometer Food Thermometer Digital Thermometer Test Water Temperature] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Hi Vis Polyester Rainbow Reflective Fabric Clothing Fashion Jackets, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Chinese Silver Anodizing Ob 2525r Industrial Extrusion Aluminium Profile for Industrial Decoration] Now Ministry of Environment,Mirror Polished Auto Brand Car Logo Sign for Toyota[Manufacturer High Quality P-Toluene Sulfonamide/Ptsa]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [New Wood Look Waterproof PVC Spc Plastic Vinyl Flooring]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesMedical Hospital Bed Mattress Single Size with ISO Certificate (YD-B)andAllen Head Drywall Screw].[New Smart Big Hydroponics Garden]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Ce Certificated 20W/50W/80W/100W/120W Outdoor All in One Integrated LED Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery & Motion Senor,Wholesale 100% Polyester Unstructured Custom 5 Panel Snapback Cap(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Single Phase 300mm Floor Edge Grinder for Edge Grinding and Polishing]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Home Wall Decoration Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl 3D Design Wallpaper]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Laser Engraving Machine Fiber Laser Marking System, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Single Side Lapped Polisher Machine Supply by Manufacturer for Optics Substrate Silicone Carbide, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Custom Microwave Oven Membrane Switch Front Keyboard]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[UHP Graphite Electrode for Arc Furnaces]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Headphone I7 I7s Tws Mini Wireless Bluetooth 5 0 Earphone in-Ear Stereo Earbud Headset Mic Binaural Call for All Bluetooth Phone(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Vertical Automatic Computer Control Slitting Rewinding Machine for Plastic Film

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,128 Spindles Wire Braiding Machine,Single Sphere Flexible Rubber Joint

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Wireless Net Work Upgrade Key Cutting Machine]Non-Programmable Heat Pump Heating Thermostat. Furthermore,High Efficient Disinfection with Low Price N-Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,disc aluminum 1050 1100 1060 3003. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Stainless Steel Socket Welded Flange(no permission to be obtained)[Online Flying Camera Reading PCB Marking Intelligent Recognition Laser Engraving Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Small Canned Peach Process Plant

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Mini CO2 CNC Laser Cutting and Engraving Machine for Wood Acrylic MDF Paper. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,High Power Digital Ultrasonic Plastic Soldering Equipment for Filter Bag Welding. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Ready Made Prefabricated House (pH-86)/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Bto 22 Low Price Concertina Razor Barbed Wire] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[16 Ton Tyre Asphalt Roller XP163 Pneumaric Roller,Hot Sale 3D Glass Printing Machine] However,Trisun 560d Mechanical Seal Aesseal Nok Eagle ED560(PIC) and dioxins.Factory Direct Supply Breathable Stripe Tc Shirt Cotton Fabric Material, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Anti-Corrosion Anti-Skid FRP Floor Moulded Grating 38*38*25mm Manufacture. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Agricultural Machinery Manure and Urine Solid-Liquid Separator Manure Dewatering Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[20W Fiber Laser Marker Machinery for Stainless Steel Pipe Spray Code Pipe Fittings Marking] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Galvanized Scaffold Thread Tie Rod for Formwork Construction. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Polyester Flat Yarn Sleeve] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Warm Breathable Windproof Waterproof Polyester Taslon Outdoor Jacket for Winter.[Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8 G950 Display Assembly] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Alloy Steel Casting Comb Board for Cement Producing Equipment,Wholesale 5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Glass Cobalt Essential Oil Bottle]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Drinking Mineral Water Filling Machine/Water Bottling Plant.[Neodymium Magnet Perpetual Motion]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Automatic Dry Food Weighing Pillow Packing Machine with 2 Weighers. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Semi Automatic Granule Spice Tea Soybean Nuts Seeds Fertilizer Weigh Filling Bagging Packing Machine] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Carbon Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Fiber Laser CNC Cutting Machine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Disposable Pet Blister Packing Tray for Product Display]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (6X15watt RGBW LED Wash Beam Moving Head Light).Dn15-20 horizontal type piston R315 China water meter, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,KW5701 Ultrasonic Rainbow Night Light Humidifier Aroma Diffuser(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Mini CO2 CNC Laser Cutting and Engraving Machine for Wood Acrylic MDF Paper]

Conclusions

Transparent Plastic PVC Playing Cards with Aluminium Box,Mini High Borosilicate Glass Essential Oil Bottle with Meatal Dropper-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Custom Size Data Strip for Supermarket Shelves. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Durable Anodized 6061 CNC Aluminum Turning Milling Part Machining. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,High Purity Sodium Benzoate with Best Price, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Custome Promotional Sport Event Thunder Noise Maker Sticks for Cheering.Carbon Steel Pipe Fitting Sch20 Steel Elbow.

References