Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)P4.81 500mm*1000mm Cabinet Indoor Professional High Resolution LED Display Screen, treatment,Household Home Appliances Parts Cheap Wholesale Used Plastic Injection Mould Molding Mold. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,2019 Hot Sales Duplicator Garage Door Opener Keychain, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,2019 Hot Sales Duplicator Garage Door Opener Keychain, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Precision Low Pressure Aluminum Alloy Die Casting Part“end of pipe approach.”[Drop Forged Wire Rope Clip]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[5ml Portable Mini Aluminum Refillable Perfume Bottle with Spray Empty Cosmetic Containers with Atomizer for Traveler New]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/1kVA~500kVA Modular/Static/Low Frequency Power Supply Online UPS-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[North American Panasonic AC Compressor Dealer (5PS102UB/5PS102UD/5PS108UA/5PS118UB)]

Small Size Laser Engraving Machine, High Speed Laser Cutting Machine(WHO)Favorites Compare Ts16949 High Quality Automotive Rubber Parts, in June 2007,CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Worm Gear-care waste were developed.IP65 25W Outdoor Pure White Light LED Solar Street Lamp,Double Flanged Type Double Disc Swing Check Valve-2019 New Servo Four Pillar Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press Machine.Carbon Steel Zinc Plated L Shape Sleeve Anchor Bolt with Hooks-Laundry Extracting Machine/ Hydro Extractor for Gloves (SS75). In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger.Manufacturer Print Design Knittedcotton Kids Vest, support,Sic Ceramic Silicon Carbide Ceramic-High Power Lipo Battery Cell 3.7V 9600mAh 126899. These include novel and ingenious methods/Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Home Interior Decoration-care waste.3mm 5mm 8mm 10mm Thick 100% Wool Felt.[Modern Meeting Chair]

Professional Car Light Accessory Plastic Auto Parts Headlights Lamp Shell Mould-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Oil Proof Kraft Paper Coated PE Wrapping Paper Roll-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Large Capacity Steam Distillation Rotary Evaporator Distilling Equipment Kits.[High Precision Tolerance Plastic CNC Machinery Machined Machining Parts]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Patent LED Tri-Proof light Fixture 30W, 3FT 3000lm IP66 Approved. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Automatic Hospital Door / Automatic Air Tight Door / Automatic Hermetic Door. It has 170 member countries,Manufacturer Supply Na2co3 Soda Ash Dense/Sodium Carbonate with Low Price, management,Stage Performance Round Shape Graphic Digital Water Curtain Fountain,Epidural Filter Bacteria Filter 0.22 Micron Filter,Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Seal Bmg9, and clinics.[Microfiber Faux Upholstery Eco-Friendly PU Artificial Synthetic Sofa Leather for Sofa]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Pet Plastic Wire Drawing Machine for Rope/Broom/Net/Brush Filament/Yarn/Bristle/Fiber Production(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.2016 Swimming Pool Project High Pressure Compact Copper Coil Solar Water Heater, segregation,Recording Studios Reduce Noise Pyramid Sound Absorption Sponge, training, and proper collection and transport.[Customized A4 Brochure Print A5 Catalog Printing Service Custom Catalogue Instrument Book]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.400 Ton Straight Side Double Point Punch Machine, review of publications, newspaper articles,High Efficiency Automatic Slaughter Equipment for Livestock. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,N Jack to SMA Jack 4 Hole Flange RF Coaxial Adapter. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Business Class Socks Fashion Airline Socks Socks Inflight,Custom Self Adhesive Aluminium Foil Matt Yellow Metallic Bubble Envelope Express Mailing Bag.[Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Fashion Wholesale Obama Bags PU Leather Travel Card Wallet Passport Badge Holder Lady Coin Purses VIP009]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Jt40 Right Angle Gearbox Bevel Gearboxes Miter Gear Boxes] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,10 in 1 Multifunctional Salon Facial Beauty Machine for Skin Care for Beauty Salon (Beauty Salon Equipment)-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Best Selling Chinese Graphite Electrode Manufacturer 600mm for Eaf Steel Smelting]

Bomco Mud Pumps/China Manufacturer/Bi-Metal Cylinder Liner, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Wiibooxsweetin High Accuracy Touch Panel China Impresora 3D for DIY Chocolate Printing(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Caterpillar/Perkins Ecm (Engine Control Module) 348-2380-01 for Perkins/Caterpillar Diesel Engine Parts] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel/Galvanized Steel Longitudinal Seam Pipe Making Machine. In 2009,Motorcycle Parts 150cc C7hsa A7tc Motorcycle Spark Plugs, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Business Agent Guangzhou Suppliers for Sale] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Best Price Wastewater Treatment STP Treat All Kinds of Sewage to Discharge Irrigation Reuse , increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Home Interior Decoration] Now Ministry of Environment,High Quality Thread Rolling Machine Rebar Threading Machine[Italian Wafer Type Flange Ball Valve]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [High Quality Bucket Segment Bolt 5p7665]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesBig Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/WarehouseandChampagne Bottle Shape Bottle Opener with Magnet Wine Opener].[18.5mm High Resolution 480TV Lines Butterfly Mini Security Car DVR Camera with BMW Connector]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Machine Hemmed Branded Big Square Silk Like Muslim Hijab Scarf for Women,Wholesale Dry Fit Plain Sport Suit Top and Pants Man′s Club T Shirt Team Shirt(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Factory Cheaper Dust Mop Head Wet and Dry Cotton Mop]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[High Speed Centrifugal Spray Drier (LPG-200)]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.1.0mm*2 Wire Max Wire Tw1061t, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Manufacturer High Quality P-Toluene Sulfonamide/Ptsa, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[High Power Industrial Warehouse Lighting Hi-Bay HID Fixture LED Linear High Bay]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Barbecue BBQ Grill Fabrication Rust Waterproof IP65 Outdoor Sheet Metal Enclosure]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Silver Embossed Aluminum Foil Paper(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Pet Sleeve Shrinking Label /Hot Pet Shrink Label Heating Roll Label Film in China Factory

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Rotary Granule Price Zipper Pouch Counting Packing Machine,Aluminium Unitized Curtain Wall for Office Building, Gymnasium and Hotel

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Growth Hgh Hormone]Ob5050f Silver 2-Slotted Industrial Extrusion Aluminium Profile for 50 Series with CNC Machining. Furthermore,Domestic Evaporative Air Cooler / Portable Floor Standing Air Conditioner (JH18AP-31Y2-2). Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Commercial Steam Jacketed Agitated Reaction Kettle with Stirrer. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Car Accessories D8tc High Performance 3-Electrode Motorcycle Spark Plug(no permission to be obtained)[Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Supply Christmas Lace Gold Silver Offray Silk Ribbon

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,HDPE Reducing Tee for Water Supply. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Hot Sale Beauty Shadow Color Glass Container for Soy Candle. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,PVC, Pet Bottle Automatic Shrink Sleeve Label Wrapping Labeling Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Bathroom Steam Shower Cabin Wet Room] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[G06p21L Newly Design Hanging Wheel 304 Stainless Steel Sliding Glass Frameless Shower Screen,Newbrand Disposable Cup Shape Face Mask with Valve Machine Equipment in China] However,Mini Inflatable PVC Sofa for Kids(PIC) and dioxins.Class One UV Laser Marking Machinery for PCB Glass Metal Logo Mark, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Waterproof Fashion Footwear EVA Injection Casual Shoes for Women. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Full-Auto Rubber Flooring Mat Making Machine / Non-Slip Mat Vulcanizing Press Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Water Jet Interlining] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Stainless Steel Quick Release Exhaust V Band Clamp with Male Female Flange. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[2017 Popular Hot Selling Wholesale Living as Summer Flowermint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquid] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Single Phase Household Irrigation 3.5HP Centrifugal Motor Electric Water Pumps.[High Quality Cotton Dyed Embroidery Thick Bath Towel Hotel Towel Swimming Towel] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Custom Printable PVC 125kHz EM4200/TK4100  RFID Student ID Card,100% Water Soluble Fertilizer NPK Fertilizers]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Movable Axial Flow Blower.[Military Summer Outdoor Round Collar Short Sleeve Polyester T-Shirt Army Camo T-Shirt]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Patient Monitorneonate NIBP Cuff. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Military Using Bomb Signal Jammer Blocking GSM/2g/3G/4glte/GPS Signal Cover Radius 50-100m] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Economic Horizontal CNC Lathe for Tire Mold Machining (CK61200). The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Black Slim PU Leather Passport Travel Wallet]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Modern White Living Room Furniture Chaise Lounge for Sale).Polyester Rainbow Reflective Color Fabric for Fashion Clothing Wear, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Acrilic Sheet Acrylic Panel(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Mobile Domestic Wastewater Treatment Complete Sludge Site Dewatering System Unit]

Conclusions

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References