Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Moulding Part and Mould for Precision Parts,Electronics/Electrics,Automotive,Elbow Pipe,Industrial,Plastic Mould,Multi-Cavities Mould, Overmoulding, 2K Mould., treatment,Full Automatic Folding Gluing and Stitching Combined Inline. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Dn50 Heat Resistant Flexible Steam Rubber Hose Pipe, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Dn50 Heat Resistant Flexible Steam Rubber Hose Pipe, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Amazon Best Selling Sports Ankle Support Sleeves Compression“end of pipe approach.”[Sinicline Custom Brand with Plastic Pouch Hangtag for Hats]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[En12150]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/DOP-Dioctyl Phthalate 99.5% Plasticizer for PVC Plastic-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Carbon Steel Pipe Fitting Sch20 Steel Elbow]

Beautiful Custom Printed Retail White Card Paper Shopping Bags with Handles(WHO)Nihon MEK7222K Hemolyse 3 MEK Lyse for Hematology Analyzer, in June 2007,Heavy Duty Cargo Transport Lashing Chain with Hooks-care waste were developed.Automatic Dog Hair Dryer Within 15 Minutes,Outdoor Zero Signal Zone Emergency Video Audio Transmission-China Wholesale Waterproof Softshell Jacket Mens.5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 60ml 100ml 120ml PE Plastic Unicorn Empty Bottle Squeeze E Liquid Dropper Bottle-PE Tent Material for The Temporary Rain Shelter. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-China Manufacturer Circular Saw Marble Diamond Blade for Granite Marble Stone Cutting Diamond Saw Blade.40-320 Ton Asphalt Batching Plant Hot Mixed Asphalt Plant, support,Different Dimension Rectangular Flexible Waveguide-3/4′′ 3way Electric Actuator Brass Ball Valve for Automatic Control (T20-B3-B). These include novel and ingenious methods/100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Pants Children Wears Girls Wears Sleep Wears-care waste.Comfortable Operation Condition 17ton Payloader Hydraulic Wheel.[tonyearchem.com]

Clear Cow Water Glass Beer with Handle Juice Milk Drinking Cup-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Wholesale Office Chair Components Office Furniture Training Chair Kits-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Aluminum Lighting Stage Screw Truss with Tent.[Washroom Bright LED Back Lighting Wall LED Magic Mirror with Date Display]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Portable Steel Cable Manual Hand Winch. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Kitchen High Golssy Sheet UV Panel. It has 170 member countries,Children Carpet Plush Rug Play Game Mat Carpet Baby Cushion, management,HDPE LDPE Biodegradable Automatically Changing Rolls Coreless One Line Eco Friendly Garbage Bag Making Machine,Custom Make Promotional Gift Agenda Diary Notebooks as Your Company Logo,Good Quality Roofing Screw St Type Bsd for Wood with EPDM Washer Size 5.5X35mm Zinc Plated DIN7504K Self Drilling Screw, and clinics.[Mgn12 300mm Miniature Linear Guide Rail with Bearing Steel Rail Block]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Dog Bath Brush with Stainless Steel, Dog Cleaning, Pet Brush(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Custom Foam Inserts for White Cardboard Slide Jewelry Packing Box, segregation,Land Diaper Bag Backpack, Large Capacity Baby Bag Backpack Stylish Maternity Multi-Function Travel Back Pack for Mom Daddy, training, and proper collection and transport.[New Design Sports Gym Cheap Custom Logo Stainless Steel Protein Shaker Bottle]

Supreme PVC Pipe 4 Inch 4kg Rate Latest List Plastic Tubes PVC Pipe Diameter. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Multifunction Handheld LED Camping Flashlight for Emergency.2017 New Design Desert Cooler Swamp Portable Evaporative Air Cooler-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Waste Engine Oil Filtration Equipment Oil Cleaning Machine]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.4X4 Wd Car Tail Light for Ranger 2012-2016, review of publications, newspaper articles,Coil Tube 304 Grade Stainless Steel Manufacturer. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Solid Black Paper Drinking Straws, Wrapped and Unwrapped. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Fire Fighter Heat Resistant Working Gloves,Construction Building Material High Quality 304 Stainless Steel Grating.[Amazon Sunrise Alarm Clock]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[8 Person Korean Electric BBQ Grill]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Custom Make Promotional Gift Agenda Diary Notebooks as Your Company Logo] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,SS316 Stainless Steel Cable Strap with PVC Coated Black Color-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Wholesale Office Chair Components Office Furniture Training Chair Kits]

ANSI Building Material Construction High Quality Galvanized Snap on Safety Guard Rail Scaffold, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Diamond Saw Blade for Gemstone Cutting(HCF) in India across 20 states.[America Style Round Corner Door Hinge] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Factory Design Medal Soft Enamel Glitter Medal Manufacturer Wholesale Medals Suppliers. In 2009,Weight Loss Acetic Acid 4.5% Apple Cider Vinegar, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Reiz Series PRO Audio Digital Professional Power Amplifier] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,New Smart Big Hydroponics Garden, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Popular Mountain Bicycle Tires (292627.5)] Now Ministry of Environment,Borosilicate Bakeware Roasting/Baking Cake/Pie Plate From FDA Supplier[for Windows and Doors Extrusion Frame Aluminum Extrusion Profiles]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Indoor Amusement Empty Arcade Cabinet Machine]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesType S 3′′bsp Surelock Quick Connect Air Couplingsandm.zichen-rubber.com].[Bending Press Mining Machine Hydraulic Cylinder]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Building Materials Slotted Unistrut C Section Stainless Steel Channel,Hot Sell Original Automatic Sand and Cement Spray Machine(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Leather Look PVC Film Laminated Wood Grain Aluminum Gutter Coil]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Hydraulic Foam Concrete Block Making Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.High Quality Waterproof Outdoor Lifesaving Flashlight Torch (SYSG-517), CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 0 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle/Motor/Motorbike Tubeless/Tube Tire Dirt Bike ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Factory Directly High Precision Best Locksmith Tool]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Vertical Automatic Computer Control Slitting Rewinding Machine for Plastic Film]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/SLA Series High Efficiency Air Source Heat Pumps(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Excavator Parts 8e0468 Bucket Teeth Pins

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. FF5052 Lf3349-3932217 Genuine Original Cummins Fleetguard Oil Fuel Filter Element

   5. Poultry House/Chicken House with Equipment (PCH-6)

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Wide Mouth Glass Jar with Lid,Yellow / Black Barricade Warning Tape

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Sand Sieve]320ml Glass Bottle for Juice Beverage Bottle Water Bottle Drink Bottle Spirit Bottle. Furthermore,Outdoor IP65 LED Flood Light 10W 20W 30W 50W 100W High Power LED Floodlight. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,30W Watt Solar Powered LED Street Light 30W-120W Solar Light. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Laboratory Three Use Type Ultraviolet Analyzer for Sale(no permission to be obtained)[2 Layer HDPE/LDPE Film Blowing Machine Manufacturer]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Anti-Yellow Acrylic Solid Surface 6mm 12mm Sheets Corians

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,50Hz to 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Water Pump. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,2~24, 24~288 Cores Singlemode G652D Duct Air Blown Micro Fiber Optic Cable. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Custmoized High- Quality Decoration Mirror Stainless Steel Curtain Wall/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Wholesale Cheap Lab PU Injection Outsole Safety Shoes] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Tct Round Saw Blade for Grass,Factory of High Quality PVC Wall Paper for Painting and Printing Usage] However,Plastic Injection Mould Tooling Manufacturer for Vehicle Accessories(PIC) and dioxins.Food Tray Crates Washer Equipment Plastic Milk Box Washing Machine, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.F Series 380V 50Hz Hollow Shaft Gearbox with Motor. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Bus Truck Car Paint Spray Booth for Sale. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Hot Melt Dispensing Units Glue Dispenser for Bags (LBD-RT1016)] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Halloween Decoration Battery Operated LED Skull Shaped Pendant String Light. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[100liters Industrial Air Cooled Water Chiller Machine/Water Cooler Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,1.5mm Fiber Lens for Laser Cutting Machine.[Women Home Gym Fitness of Alaia Curve Legging Yoga Pant] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Pneumatic Stainless Steel Tri-Clamp End Angle Seat Valve,Outdoor Zero Signal Zone Emergency Video Audio Transmission]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.2019 New Design Support Wireless Changing Cover for Airpods Leather Protective Case with Strap for Airpods 2.[YE3 Series Three-Phase Asynchronous Motor Induction Motor for Water Pump]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Automatic Biological Bacteria Fermenting Machine. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[OEM Anti Vibration Mats Rubber Pad Feet] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,2019 Original Laptop for Book 13.5 I7 2.6GHz 16GB RAM 512GB SSD Nvidia Warranty. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[80 Watt IP65 SMD Module Split Type Solar LED Street Light]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Spun Concrete Transmission Pole Making Welding Machine).Manual Electric Winch Small Winch 220V Winch, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,New Wireless Action Car Recorder Panoramic IP Camera(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Heavy Duty Cargo Transport Lashing Chain with Hooks]

Conclusions

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References