Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)HD Night Vision IR Laser Camera with PTZ for 1200m Surveillance, treatment,Sch 40 API 5L-X42 PE Coated 12m LG Seamless Pipe. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Lsa061 Limit Switch Spring Boom Pin IP65, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Lsa061 Limit Switch Spring Boom Pin IP65, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,The Oil Filter Housing Fram Oil Filter“end of pipe approach.”[Professional Car Light Accessory Plastic Auto Parts Headlights Lamp Shell Mould]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[ISO 7241-a Bsp Hyaulic Quick Coupling Hose Connectors]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/20 24 28 32 4PCS Luggage Sets ABS Hard Shell Case Trolley Suitcase-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Xk5032 Precision CNC Vertical Milling Machine]

30W CREE COB LED Track Light for Clothes Shop Lighting(WHO)1000VDC 12 Inputs and 1 Output Solar PV Combiner Box with 15A Fuse and Mc4 Panel, in June 2007,HS-2002 Hotel Lobby Scent Marketing Fragrance Machine-care waste were developed.Custom Made Metal Stamping U Shape Holder Connecting Parts,Popular Medical Equipment 3 Function Manual Wholesale Hospital Bed-4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design.SS316L Wire Mesh Stainless Steel Double Layers Filter-New Outdoor Hiking Climbing Shoes Sports Safety Shoes. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for School/Classroom.Stainless Steel 316 Pneumatic Positive Displacement Manufacturers Pump, support,Window Venetian Mini Blinds (Window curtains) Components-Custom Sublimation Printed Polyester Cooling Towels for Promotional Gift. These include novel and ingenious methods/Rapid Prototype Aluminium CNC Machining, Turning and Milling Mechanical Parts-care waste.100 Ton 200 Ton Bending Cutting Straightening Machine H Frame Hydraulic Press for Sale.[Bubble Wrapping Machine]

Plastic Coffee Bean Packaging Bag/Plastic Bag for Coffee Packing/Food Packaging Bag-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Plastic Toy Kids Slide Animal Model of Small Slides (M11-09806)-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Medical Disposable Oral Sponge Swabs.[Swing Top Beer Bottle]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Fine Tuning Butterfly Valve with Adjustable Handwheel. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

China Direct Copper Phosphor Brazing Welding Ring Alloy Free Samples. It has 170 member countries,Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light, management,Men`S Leisure Business Travel Sports Fitness Garment Suit Luggage Storage Pack Cover Bag (CY3677),8 Person Korean Electric BBQ Grill,Quality Bows Dog Shirt Pet Products Pup Cute Clothings, and clinics.[Sany Hydraulic Excavator Sy16-Sy465 Mechanical Spare Parts Cylinder]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Graphic Customization Winter Thick Fleece Pullover Hoodies for Men(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Black Slim PU Leather Passport Travel Wallet, segregation,Pet Dog Puppy Safety Traction Rope Harness Leash, training, and proper collection and transport.[OEM Electrolyte Effervescent Tablet]

Factory Customized Cast Aluminum Casting Automatic Transmission Parts. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Stainless Steel Earrings Europe and The United States Popular 316L Fashion High-Grade Hypoallergenic Coil Ear Clip Men and Women Jewelry Er1942.China Wholesale High Quality Car Seat Recliner-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Logo Printed Cardboard with Handle for Cake Carrier Packaging Box]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Xk5032 Precision CNC Vertical Milling Machine, review of publications, newspaper articles,One Wheel Self Balancing Monowheel Scooter Electric Unicycle Ninebot One Z10. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Green Professional Making Extrusion Blowing PE Bottle Mould Factory. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Teflon Hose, PTFE Hose, High Temperature Resistant Hose. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Grey Nylon Polyester PU Palm Coated Work Gloves,Hot and Cold Compressor Cooling Magic Water Dispenser.[Zb-12 High Speed Disposable Coffee Paper Cup Making Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[1/4 6.35 mm Plug Connector Phone Jack Mono Stereo Black]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Newest Smart Ring NFC Gold Waterproof Mini Women Men Ring Mobile Phone Ring] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Industrial Vacuum Rotary Drum Filter-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Quality Bows Dog Shirt Pet Products Pup Cute Clothings]

Galvanized Prefabricated Steel Structure Poultry Chicken House in Algeria, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Microfiber Faux Upholstery Eco-Friendly PU Artificial Synthetic Sofa Leather for Sofa(HCF) in India across 20 states.[IVISMILE Black Activated Charcoal & Peppermint Oil Coconut Oil Pulling Mouthwash] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Custom High Quality Rotor Precision Aluminum Casting Flywheel Housing. In 2009,Liquid Oxygen Cylinder, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Metal Spiral Spring] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Sinoamigo Stainless Steel Distribution Box with Changeable, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[DIY Creative Plastic Bottle Cutter Outdoor Green Hand Portable Smart Bottles Rope Tools Esg10324] Now Ministry of Environment,8 Ton Knuckle Small Trailer Crane Mounted Truck[China Supplier Non-Slip Stainless Steel Anti-Slip Crampon Outdoor Walking Hiking Climbing Snow Ice Crampons]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [#5 Metal Zipper in Auto Lock Open End]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesLow Surface Resistivity HDPEandModified Plastics Pellet PA6.6GF25].[Ladies Fashion High Waist Belly Control Exercise Sports Pants]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Digital EPE Foam Sheet Shoe Sole EVA Cutting Machine

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

6.35mm Mono Plug to 2X RCA Jacks

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

Cellphone Display for Huawei Mate20PRO

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

Automotive One-Way Spring

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Screw,6 Player Wood Croquet Game Set for Outdoor Sport(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Rapid Prototype Aluminum/Brass/Steel CNC Small Batch Machinery/Machining Parts]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Kynar PVDF Air Driven Diaphragm Pump with Strong Corrosion]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.MPO Fiber Optical Adapter (MTP fiber adapter), CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Artificial Marble Top Stainless Steel Rose Gold Side Table]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[High Brightness P3/P4/P5/P6/P8/P10 Full Color Outdoor LED Display]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Eco-Friendly 48V/500W Motor & 16ah Lithium Battery Electric Cargo Bike for Take-out Service (JB-TDN03Z)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.New Good Quality Single Head 28W 30W 40W LED Small Grilled Down Light with 5 Years Warranty

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. 0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane

   5. Trikke Innovative 3-Point Cambering Vehicle 48V Deluxe Electric Scooter

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Captive Portal Hot New Indoor Access Gateways Wireless Router,Artificial Marble Top Stainless Steel Rose Gold Side Table

   7. Visbella Quick Bonded Vinyl Leather Repair Kit /Set for Car/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Turkish Tea Set]High Quality Bucket Segment Bolt 5p7665. Furthermore,4 Fibers Wall-Mounted FTTH Distribution Box. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Zinc Oxide 99.7%, Factory of Zinc Oxide. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Welded Aluminum Alloy Fishing Boat with Bench Seat(no permission to be obtained)[Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Color Melamine MDF Slatwall for Exhibition Stand

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Swing Top Beer Bottle. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,High Purity Magnesium Oxide Used for Medical Materials. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Convas Double Jacket Fire Delivery Hose / Fire Hydrant Hose for Fire Fighting/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[3D Creative Design Metal Medal Promotion Gift of Sport] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Inline High-Precision Placement Machine,Accept Custom Printed Plastic Zip Lock Bag Packaging Underwear Packaging Clear PVC Ziplock Bag] However,100liters Industrial Air Cooled Water Chiller Machine/Water Cooler Machine(PIC) and dioxins.Medical Hospital Mini Digital Veterinary Otoscope, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Industrial Graphite Mould. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Chuangke Washing Detergent Spray Drying Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Modern Home Hotel Apartment Bedroom Living Room Furniture Wooden King Bed] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Leite All Kinds of Customized Anodized Aluminum Color Screw. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Small Manual Concrete Brick Machine of China Manufacture] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,250mm Sintered Continuous Saw Blade for Fast Cutting Tile and Ceramic.[Six Layers Water Tank Blow Molding Machine 2016 Hot Sale] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Automatic Sachet Pouch Bag Coffee Powder Tea Packing Packaging Machine,Food Tray Crates Washer Equipment Plastic Milk Box Washing Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Fitness Equipment Commercial Treadmill Motorized Running Machine.[Anti-Rust Agent]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Plastic Waste PE Film Recycling Grinding Washing Equipment. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Seal Bmg9] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,36*18W 6in1 Rgbaw UV Stage LED Moving Head Wash Light. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Desk and Wall Mount LCD Arm]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (2 Bedroom Low Cost Portable Prefabricated Modular Mobile Steel Prefab Container Tiny House Sales in Philippines).Duraflame Fireplace Heater Electric Stove Home Heaters, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Hot Sale 3D Glass Printing Machine(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Customized Sizes Long Floor Drainer SUS304 Bathroom Fittings (BF-K72)]

Conclusions

New Material 5 Gallon Water Bottle Cap,PTFE Bronze Filled Guide Ring/Wear Ring-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Hanna Brand Electrostatic Powder Coating Equipment for Steel Surface Coating. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Factory Cheaper Dust Mop Head Wet and Dry Cotton Mop. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,OEM Custom Plastic Injection Molding Parts & Plastic Mould Maker, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-CO2 Laser Marking Machine for Jeans/Cloth.Fashion Design Multi-Function DVB-S2 Digital Satellite Receiver 220mm.

References