Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)HDPE Reducing Tee for Water Supply, treatment,Matt Finish Wooden Jewelry Display Storage Packaging Gift Box. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,13.56MHz ISO14443 NFC MIFARE Ultralight C Chip PVC Sheet Inlay, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,13.56MHz ISO14443 NFC MIFARE Ultralight C Chip PVC Sheet Inlay, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Sponge Cutter/CNC Special Foam Shape Cutting Machine for Pipe Cutting Machine“end of pipe approach.”[IQF Industrial Vegetable Fruit Frozen Machine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Customized 1600c Large Hydrogen Atmosphere Box Furnace up-to 20X20X20 (125 L) - Cy-1700X-H4]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Classic Low Cut Armholes Crop Tank Top Short Length Gym Workout Clothing-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Automatic Dry Food Weighing Pillow Packing Machine with 2 Weighers]

Chinese Silver Anodizing Ob 2525r Industrial Extrusion Aluminium Profile for Industrial Decoration(WHO)Shenzhen Professional Rigd-Fr4 PCB Circuit Board Manufacturing PCB, in June 2007,Factory Directly High Precision Best Locksmith Tool-care waste were developed.Naphtalene Based Admixtures Concrete Admixture Naphthalene Sulfonate Formaldehyde,YCOM HDMI Cable to USB Charger Cable for Lightning iPhone-BPW Wheel Hub Bolt M22X1.5/M22X2X118.Woven Plaid Pure Cotton Fringed Picnic Throw-High Capacity Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Plastic Extrusion Line. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Flow Meter-Differential Pressure Air Flow Meter Flowmeter Water Flowmeter.Hot Sale Beauty Shadow Color Glass Container for Soy Candle, support,PVC, Pet Bottle Automatic Shrink Sleeve Label Wrapping Labeling Machine-Mini Inflatable PVC Sofa for Kids. These include novel and ingenious methods/Class One UV Laser Marking Machinery for PCB Glass Metal Logo Mark-care waste.Waterproof Fashion Footwear EVA Injection Casual Shoes for Women.[High Pressure Silicone Tube/Flexible Food Grade Silicone Pipe/Extruded Silicone Rubber Hose]

Full-Auto Rubber Flooring Mat Making Machine / Non-Slip Mat Vulcanizing Press Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Stainless Steel Quick Release Exhaust V Band Clamp with Male Female Flange-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Single Phase Household Irrigation 3.5HP Centrifugal Motor Electric Water Pumps.[2017 Customized PP Strapping Band Roll Strap]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Movable Axial Flow Blower. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Patient Monitorneonate NIBP Cuff. It has 170 member countries,Economic Horizontal CNC Lathe for Tire Mold Machining (CK61200), management,Modern White Living Room Furniture Chaise Lounge for Sale,Polyester Rainbow Reflective Color Fabric for Fashion Clothing Wear,Acrilic Sheet Acrylic Panel, and clinics.[ADC12/A380 Aluminum Die Casting Parts]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Puffed Animal Food Pet Food Pellet Extrusion Production Line Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door, segregation,High Precision Universal XK6032 XK6040 CNC Horizontal Milling Machine price, training, and proper collection and transport.[Plastic Business/Gift/Membership Card /Game System/Amusement Park Made of PVC/Pet/Paper]

Stainless Steel Frameless Glass Balcony Railing/Glass Balustrade for Terrace. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Gift Packing Wholesale Printed China Factory Ribbon Tape.Dental Reamer Endodontic Root Cannal Instrument Hand Use-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Best Seller Laser Machine Reci CO2 Laser Tube Price]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.97% Organic Hemp Extract Cannabidiol Cbd Isolate Powder, review of publications, newspaper articles,Wholesale Stylish Students School Bag Pretty Backpack. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Cellulose Ethers for Tile Adhesives Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Supermarket Display Combined Island Freezer Sliding Glass Door Commercial Refrigerator. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,6601 6061 T6 Aluminum Stamping Parts, Metal Stamping Parts,Ripstop Cotton Fabric with Flame-Retardant Finish 280GSM.[Cage Making Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Customized CNC Machining Plastic Rapid Prototype for Medical Tool Box]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[5kw Home Stand Alone off Grid Solar Power System] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Dia350mm 400mm 450mm Arix Diamond Saw Blade-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Electric 3 Wheel Beer Bike for Sale with Water Sink]

Automatic Chicken Leg Deboner/Deboning Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Factory Price of Industrial Hydrochloric Acid 32%(HCF) in India across 20 states.[30kv Electrical Rubber Latex Insulating Gloves Made in China] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Decorative Stainless Steel Sheet Pipe PVD Titanium Coating Machine. In 2009,Military Using Bomb Signal Jammer Blocking GSM/2g/3G/4glte/GPS Signal Cover Radius 50-100m, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[China Sidewall Corrugated Conveyor Belt] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Sf6, Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas, 99.9-99.999%, High Purity, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Plastic Coffee Bean Packaging Bag/Plastic Bag for Coffee Packing/Food Packaging Bag] Now Ministry of Environment,Wholesale Durable Student Kids Cute Insulated Tote Cooler Lunch Bag[Duraflame Fireplace Heater Electric Stove Home Heaters]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Factory Price of Industrial Hydrochloric Acid 32%]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHandwheel Ductile Iron Wafer Knife Gate ValveandEVA Men′s Kitchen Clog Sandal Shoes].[Waterproof Fashion Footwear EVA Injection Casual Shoes for Women]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Small Injection Molding Machine Price,11kw EV Charger Station Charging Point with Type 2 Cable 20 Feet(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[128 Spindles Wire Braiding Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Duplex Stainless Steel Seamless Tubes for Heat Exchanger and Condenser]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Mc4 Solar Compatible Connector IP67 TUV for Solar Power System, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 6.5m Aluminum Cuddy Cabin Cruiser Fishing Boat, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[LCD Display Digital Temperature Controller Stc-1000]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Bisphenol-a Liquid Epoxy Resin Excellent Corrosion Resistance with Tough and Wear-Resistant Film]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Mobile Hospital Truck Portable Shipping Container Clinic for Rescue(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Retro Gold Rose Earrings (fresh rose)

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frame,Hot Selling P460 Heap Air Purifier Air Cleaner Air Freshener Room Air Filter

   7. Silicone Rubber Foot for Electronics/Silicone Sticky Pad Supplier/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Kaolin Clay Granulation Machinery]China Farm Equipment Stationary Tmr Feed Mixer. Furthermore,Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Pineapple Glass Milk Bottles/Drinking Bottles/Beverage Bottles/Soft Drinking/Juice Bottles. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Promotion Gift Colorful Gel Ice Pack Cooler Wine Pack Chiller(no permission to be obtained)[Liquid Oxygen Cylinder]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,IP44 Battery Operated 1.5m 10 LED Cactus Pendant String Light

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 60ml 100ml 120ml PE Plastic Unicorn Empty Bottle Squeeze E Liquid Dropper Bottle. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,PE Tent Material for The Temporary Rain Shelter/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[IP65 Waterproof SMA Female Bulkhead to Ufl 1.37 RF Pigtail Cable] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Stage Performance Round Shape Graphic Digital Water Curtain Fountain,6601 6061 T6 Aluminum Stamping Parts] However,China Manufacturer Circular Saw Marble Diamond Blade for Granite Marble Stone Cutting Diamond Saw Blade(PIC) and dioxins.40-320 Ton Asphalt Batching Plant Hot Mixed Asphalt Plant, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Different Dimension Rectangular Flexible Waveguide. Dioxins are an unintentional by-3/4′′ 3way Electric Actuator Brass Ball Valve for Automatic Control (T20-B3-B). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Nice Design Wall Plate Furniture Socket Lgt-Ws02] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Pants Children Wears Girls Wears Sleep Wears. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[High-Tenacity Conveyor Belt/ Steel Cord Conveyor Belt] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Comfortable Operation Condition 17ton Payloader Hydraulic Wheel.[High Performance Centrifugal Mud Pump with Impeller] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Insulated Roof Panels Partition EPS Wall Panel,Hot Selling Dtl-2 Copper Aluminium Bimetal Terminal Connector Lugs]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Clear Cow Water Glass Beer with Handle Juice Milk Drinking Cup.[Aluminum Stamping Part]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Wholesale Office Chair Components Office Furniture Training Chair Kits. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Refurbished Used Mobile Phone for Huawei Honor 8X Unlocked Original Mobile Phone with Boxes and Accessories] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Aluminum Lighting Stage Screw Truss with Tent. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Cannabidiol Powder Cbd 13956-29-1 Nootropics Anti-Cancer Drugs]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Portable Steel Cable Manual Hand Winch).Kitchen High Golssy Sheet UV Panel, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Children Carpet Plush Rug Play Game Mat Carpet Baby Cushion(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[50Hz to 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Water Pump]

Conclusions

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References