Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)America 12V 4pin Blade Trailer Plug, treatment,Smooth Surface Stainless Steel Banding Strap for Binding Cables. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,New fashion Kids Warm Winter Boots, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,New fashion Kids Warm Winter Boots, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Best Seller Laser Machine Reci CO2 Laser Tube Price“end of pipe approach.”[Tab Terminal Waterproof Toggle Switch]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[PF Series Hydraulic Impact Stone/Rock/Aggregate Breaker]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Six Colors Custom Logo Schoolbag Child Breathable 1-3-6 Primary Students Boys Girls Korean Cartoon Pack-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Carbon Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Fiber Laser CNC Cutting Machine]

Best Small Biomass Fireplace Pellet Stove (CR-10)(WHO)High Quality Sintered Diamond Circular Saw Blade for Granite Cutting, in June 2007,10, 13.3 Inch Tablet PC Analog Frameless LED Flat Screen TV-care waste were developed.Wholesale 300tc Luxury Hotel Quality Cotton 3cm Stripe Bed Linen Duvet Cover/Comforter Cover,Wall Bench with Frame Lab Furniture (JH-WF002)-New Product 4X2 Road Rescue Truck 2t 3t Road Wrecker Truck.Rigging Hardware Turnbuckles with Hook and Eye-AISI H13 SKD61 1.2344/X40crmov5-1 Forged Rolled Mould Steel Flat Bar. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-45# Steel Folding Wrench Hex Wrench 14 Inch Cross Socket Wrench Hardware Auto Repair Tools.Wholesale Men′s Polycotton Customized Orange Bucket Hat with Cigarette Holder, support,No. 1062 20PCS Tools-SMT PCB Antistatic ESD Magazine Rack for Gear Adjustment PCB Storage. These include novel and ingenious methods/DC 12V 24V Worm Gear Motor Cw & Ccw for Home Appliance Machine-care waste.Factory Direct Sales Energy Efficient DC Solar Centrifugal Water Pump (S122T-30).[Supply Smtso-M4-6 Standoffs Weld Nut Solder Nut Steel/Reel]

Diesel Engine Lubricating Oil Dky176-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Good Price Double Door Drying Dewatering Machine in Stock-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Handwheel Ductile Iron Wafer Knife Gate Valve.[Hot Sale 10 Piece Silicone Kitchen Utensil Set]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,BPA Free Octopus Design Silicone Baby Teethers Chewing Toys. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

China Supplier Non-Slip Stainless Steel Anti-Slip Crampon Outdoor Walking Hiking Climbing Snow Ice Crampons. It has 170 member countries,Reliable Quality Flange Ends Stainless Steel Butterfly Valve with Gear Operator, management,5mm Spc Vinyl Planks Click Lock Floor PVC Plastic Laminate Flooring,Glow in The Dark Luminous Pigment, Bright Nights Glow Powder,LED Integrated Solar Street Light with Sensor for Outdoor 10W/15W/20W/30W/40W/50W/60W, and clinics.[Cast Iron 1/2 Inch Lug Type Wafer Flange Butterfly Valve]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Rubber Gym Flooring Rolls, Mats, or Tiles(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Protective Blue Color Soft Plastic PVC Film for Window Glass, segregation,OEM Anti Vibration Mats Rubber Pad Feet, training, and proper collection and transport.[GOST Pressure Seal Bonnet Industrial Gate Valves in Class 1500-2500]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Car Auto Spare Parts Auto Parts Fuel Pump Price 1j0919051b, review of publications, newspaper articles,Customized ABS High Polishing Products Plastic Injection Molding Service. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Hydraulic Fitting Crimp Socket Elbow 90 Steel Fitting Union. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.2017 Customized PP Strapping Band Roll Strap. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Pre Galvanized Square and Rectangular Ms Box Rhs Hollow Section,Taizhou Manufacturer Custom-Made Design Plastic Injection Gargle Cup Mould/Molding.[Anti Flocculant]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Ce RoHS Ozone Generator Fruit and Vegetable Washer]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Cheap Water Bottle PVC Heat Shrink Labels Label Sleeve Labels] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,PP Black Microwave Freeze Safe Black Meal Prep Plastic Takeaway Food Container-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[CNC Aluminum Machinery Parts Customized Aluminum Parts Blue Anodized Aluminum Mechanics Parts CNC Machining Factory]

15W Solar Powered Gable Fan with 25W 9.6ah Storage Battery (SN2013014), International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Aluminium/Aluminum Disc/Circle for Cookware/Utensile/Lighting Usage with Good Flatness 1050/1060/1070/1100/3003/3005(HCF) in India across 20 states.[400mm Masonry Saw Blade for Marble] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Comfort Home Indoor Scent Aroma Machine Silent Essential Oil Diffuser. In 2009,Custom Fashion 3D Logo Woven Label Puff Sew Iron Clothes Label Name Tag Cartoon Car Label Printing Fabric Garment Felt Sequin Towel Embroidery Police Patch, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Q32 Tumble Belt Shot Blasting Machine/Tumble Shot Blasting Machine/Tumblast Shot Blast Machine with Automatic Loading & Unlaoding System] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,5ml Portable Mini Aluminum Refillable Perfume Bottle with Spray Empty Cosmetic Containers with Atomizer for Traveler New, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Custom Size Data Strip for Supermarket Shelves] Now Ministry of Environment,Pdlc Switchable Tint Film Smart Glass Self-Adhesive Film[Better Breathe Nasal Strips Nasal Stick]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Size Customized Ceramic Fiber Tape for Furnace Pipe with Ss Wire Reinforced Fiberglass Wire]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables100 Ton 200 Ton Bending Cutting Straightening Machine H Frame Hydraulic Press for SaleandL E D Pandel Light High Quality Supplier].[2019 Summer Fresh Landscaping Turf Lawn]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Psa Oxygen Generator Reliable Industrial Gas Solutions,5kw Home Stand Alone off Grid Solar Power System(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Pultruded Fiberglass Round Tube Supplier]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Naphtalene Based Admixtures Concrete Admixture Naphthalene Sulfonate Formaldehyde]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Sewage Aeration Treatment Equipment Tri-Lobe Roots Blower for Industrial and Life Waste Water Processing, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Auto Interior Accessories Stainless Steel Tongue Depressor Seat Belts Spare Parts Seat Belt Buckle Tongue]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Logo Printed Cardboard with Handle for Cake Carrier Packaging Box(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Stainless Steel Manual Glass Kitchen Ajustable Pepper with Low Price

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,One Heads CO2 Laser Cutting Engraving Printing Automatic Machine for Plywood Wood Acrylic PVC Fabric,Hydraulic Foam Concrete Block Making Machine

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Clutch Cover]Low Prices Industrial High Pressure Piston Portable Mini Electric Air Compressor Air-Compressors 5500W 500L Air Compressor Portable. Furthermore,Sand Agent Tp40 Is an Ideal Art-Type Additive for Powder Coating. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Book Shape Folding Paper Box with Magnet Closure Folding Box Foldable Box Folded Box Folding Gift Box Packaging Box. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Ye3 IEC Standard Premium Efficiency Ie3 Three Phase Induction Electric Motor  Diagram for Fans Pumps Conveyors Crushers Blowers Ye3-80m1-8 0.18kw(no permission to be obtained)[ 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,CCTV 2.0megpixel Mini Wdm HD-Ahd Pinhole Camera

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Manual Steel Strap Buckleless Combination Machine Packing Tool for Metal Strip 25mm. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,HS-2002 Hotel Lobby Scent Marketing Fragrance Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Custom Made Metal Stamping U Shape Holder Connecting Parts/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Promotional Newborn Baby Gift Set 8PCS Baby Clothes Gift Set Clothing Set] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Blind Flange Manufacture Supplier,Extendable Bamboo Bathtub Caddy Tray with Removable Soap Dish Adjustable Arms] However,Popular Medical Equipment 3 Function Manual Wholesale Hospital Bed(PIC) and dioxins.4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.SS316L Wire Mesh Stainless Steel Double Layers Filter. Dioxins are an unintentional by-New Outdoor Hiking Climbing Shoes Sports Safety Shoes. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[European Type Stainless Steel Dee Shackle AISI304 or 316 D Shackle] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for School/Classroom. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Hot Selling 24V LED Garden Light for Park] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Stainless Steel 316 Pneumatic Positive Displacement Manufacturers Pump.[Modern Living Room Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinets Chinese Wooden Furniture (YH-KC1008)] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Handmade Shaped Glass Dropper with Amber Glass Bottle,1kVA~500kVA Modular/Static/Low Frequency Power Supply Online UPS]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Window Venetian Mini Blinds (Window curtains) Components.[SS316 Hardware Furniture Fittings with UL Certification (DDFH012)]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Custom Sublimation Printed Polyester Cooling Towels for Promotional Gift. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Diagnos Ngh Gonorrhea Rapid Test Kits] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Rapid Prototype Aluminium CNC Machining, Turning and Milling Mechanical Parts. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[0.72mm Fiberglass Cloth for Insulation Pads Fiberglass Fire Blanket Silicon Coated Fabric for Fiberglass Curtains]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (100 Ton 200 Ton Bending Cutting Straightening Machine H Frame Hydraulic Press for Sale).Plastic Coffee Bean Packaging Bag/Plastic Bag for Coffee Packing/Food Packaging Bag, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Plastic Toy Kids Slide Animal Model of Small Slides (M11-09806)(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[BPA Free Octopus Design Silicone Baby Teethers Chewing Toys]

Conclusions

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References