Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)China Farm Equipment Stationary Tmr Feed Mixer, treatment,Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Pineapple Glass Milk Bottles/Drinking Bottles/Beverage Bottles/Soft Drinking/Juice Bottles, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Pineapple Glass Milk Bottles/Drinking Bottles/Beverage Bottles/Soft Drinking/Juice Bottles, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Promotion Gift Colorful Gel Ice Pack Cooler Wine Pack Chiller“end of pipe approach.”[Type S 3′′bsp Surelock Quick Connect Air Couplings]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Bending Press Mining Machine Hydraulic Cylinder]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/IP44 Battery Operated 1.5m 10 LED Cactus Pendant String Light-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[OEM Custom Plastic Injection Molding Parts & Plastic Mould Maker]

UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna(WHO)Inner Tube 23.1-26 Agricultural Farm Tractor Tyre Tire, in June 2007,Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade-care waste were developed.Moulding Part and Mould for Precision Parts,Electronics/Electrics,Automotive,Elbow Pipe,Industrial,Plastic Mould,Multi-Cavities Mould, Overmoulding, 2K Mould.,Full Automatic Folding Gluing and Stitching Combined Inline-Dn50 Heat Resistant Flexible Steam Rubber Hose Pipe.Amazon Best Selling Sports Ankle Support Sleeves Compression-DOP-Dioctyl Phthalate 99.5% Plasticizer for PVC Plastic. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Beautiful Custom Printed Retail White Card Paper Shopping Bags with Handles.Nihon MEK7222K Hemolyse 3 MEK Lyse for Hematology Analyzer, support,Heavy Duty Cargo Transport Lashing Chain with Hooks-Automatic Dog Hair Dryer Within 15 Minutes. These include novel and ingenious methods/Outdoor Zero Signal Zone Emergency Video Audio Transmission-care waste.China Wholesale Waterproof Softshell Jacket Mens.[Rechargeable Deep Cycle LiFePO4 12V 24V Lithium Ion Battery Packs for Solar Lights]

5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 60ml 100ml 120ml PE Plastic Unicorn Empty Bottle Squeeze E Liquid Dropper Bottle-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,PE Tent Material for The Temporary Rain Shelter-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,China Manufacturer Circular Saw Marble Diamond Blade for Granite Marble Stone Cutting Diamond Saw Blade.[Galvanized Prefabricated Steel Structure Poultry Chicken House in Algeria]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,40-320 Ton Asphalt Batching Plant Hot Mixed Asphalt Plant. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Different Dimension Rectangular Flexible Waveguide. It has 170 member countries,3/4′′ 3way Electric Actuator Brass Ball Valve for Automatic Control (T20-B3-B), management,100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Pants Children Wears Girls Wears Sleep Wears,Comfortable Operation Condition 17ton Payloader Hydraulic Wheel,Clear Cow Water Glass Beer with Handle Juice Milk Drinking Cup, and clinics.[Indoor UTP Cat 6 with Rj 45 Connector Length 20 Meter Cable]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Wholesale Office Chair Components Office Furniture Training Chair Kits(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Aluminum Lighting Stage Screw Truss with Tent, segregation,Portable Steel Cable Manual Hand Winch, training, and proper collection and transport.[Leather Look PVC Film Laminated Wood Grain Aluminum Gutter Coil]

Kitchen High Golssy Sheet UV Panel. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Children Carpet Plush Rug Play Game Mat Carpet Baby Cushion.HDPE LDPE Biodegradable Automatically Changing Rolls Coreless One Line Eco Friendly Garbage Bag Making Machine-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Hydraulic Foam Concrete Block Making Machine]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Custom Make Promotional Gift Agenda Diary Notebooks as Your Company Logo, review of publications, newspaper articles,Good Quality Roofing Screw St Type Bsd for Wood with EPDM Washer Size 5.5X35mm Zinc Plated DIN7504K Self Drilling Screw. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Dog Bath Brush with Stainless Steel, Dog Cleaning, Pet Brush. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Custom Foam Inserts for White Cardboard Slide Jewelry Packing Box. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Land Diaper Bag Backpack, Large Capacity Baby Bag Backpack Stylish Maternity Multi-Function Travel Back Pack for Mom Daddy,Supreme PVC Pipe 4 Inch 4kg Rate Latest List Plastic Tubes PVC Pipe Diameter.[Manufactured Companies Custom Gravity Die-Casting Aluminium Radiator]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Factory Directly High Precision Best Locksmith Tool]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Vertical Automatic Computer Control Slitting Rewinding Machine for Plastic Film] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Multifunction Handheld LED Camping Flashlight for Emergency-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[2 Layer HDPE/LDPE Film Blowing Machine Manufacturer]

2017 New Design Desert Cooler Swamp Portable Evaporative Air Cooler, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,4X4 Wd Car Tail Light for Ranger 2012-2016(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Wholesale Cheap Lab PU Injection Outsole Safety Shoes] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Coil Tube 304 Grade Stainless Steel Manufacturer. In 2009,Solid Black Paper Drinking Straws, Wrapped and Unwrapped, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Cheap Hotel Furniture] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Tct Round Saw Blade for Grass] Now Ministry of Environment,Fire Fighter Heat Resistant Working Gloves[Factory of High Quality PVC Wall Paper for Painting and Printing Usage]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [100liters Industrial Air Cooled Water Chiller Machine/Water Cooler Machine]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesWomen Home Gym Fitness of Alaia Curve Legging Yoga Pantandm.gl-fiber.com].[Pneumatic Stainless Steel Tri-Clamp End Angle Seat Valve]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Outdoor Zero Signal Zone Emergency Video Audio Transmission

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

OEM Anti Vibration Mats Rubber Pad Feet

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

80 Watt IP65 SMD Module Split Type Solar LED Street Light

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

Am3 Diameter 38mm Black Tar Stud Link Anchor Chain

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Construction Building Material High Quality 304 Stainless Steel Grating,SS316 Stainless Steel Cable Strap with PVC Coated Black Color(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Heavy Duty Cargo Transport Lashing Chain with Hooks]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Welded Aluminum Alloy Fishing Boat with Bench Seat]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.ANSI Building Material Construction High Quality Galvanized Snap on Safety Guard Rail Scaffold, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Diamond Saw Blade for Gemstone Cutting, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Custome Promotional Sport Event Thunder Noise Maker Sticks for Cheering]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[ Injection Moulding Tool Manufacturer]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Factory Design Medal Soft Enamel Glitter Medal Manufacturer Wholesale Medals Suppliers(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Weight Loss Acetic Acid 4.5% Apple Cider Vinegar

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. New Smart Big Hydroponics Garden

   5. Borosilicate Bakeware Roasting/Baking Cake/Pie Plate From FDA Supplier

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Building Materials Slotted Unistrut C Section Stainless Steel Channel,Hot Sell Original Automatic Sand and Cement Spray Machine

   7. High Quality Waterproof Outdoor Lifesaving Flashlight Torch (SYSG-517)/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Electric Dry Iron Parts]0 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle/Motor/Motorbike Tubeless/Tube Tire Dirt Bike ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18. Furthermore,SLA Series High Efficiency Air Source Heat Pumps. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Excavator Parts 8e0468 Bucket Teeth Pins. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,FF5052 Lf3349-3932217 Genuine Original Cummins Fleetguard Oil Fuel Filter Element(no permission to be obtained)[Economic Horizontal CNC Lathe for Tire Mold Machining (CK61200)]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Poultry House/Chicken House with Equipment (PCH-6)

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Wide Mouth Glass Jar with Lid. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,2017 Popular Hot Selling Wholesale Living as Summer Flowermint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquid. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Hot Sale Wine Air Inflatable Column Cushion Bag for Bottle Protection/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Brand New Camion Tractors Weichai Diesel 380HP 420HP International FAW 4X2 Tractor Trailer Head Truck] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Senken IP65 Police LED Shoulder Warning Light in Rechargeable,Stainless Steel Frameless Glass Balcony Railing/Glass Balustrade for Terrace] However,Ultrasonic Fish Type Face Mask Machine(PIC) and dioxins.Multifunctional Construction Equipment 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Portable Wheel Backhoe for Sale, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Waste Engine Oil Filtration Equipment Oil Cleaning Machine. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Size 30 X 30 Cm Classic Microfiber Cloth for Car Cleaning 4001. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Glass Drinking Water Bottle] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Refurbished Used Mobile Phone for Huawei Honor 8X Unlocked Original Mobile Phone with Boxes and Accessories. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Soft Start Brushless DC Motor 3kw3000rpm48V Eif-Bl3348] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Plastic Composite Roof Tile Production Line.[Hydraulic Power Source and CNC Cutter Machine for Metal Sheet] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Roll up High Quality Luxury Comfort Spring Mattress,60t/H Asphalt Mixing Equipment]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.2~24, 24~288 Cores Singlemode G652D Duct Air Blown Micro Fiber Optic Cable.[Chsj-Me Series Blown PE Film Machine Co Extrusion]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Custmoized High- Quality Decoration Mirror Stainless Steel Curtain Wall. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Large Capacity Steam Distillation Rotary Evaporator Distilling Equipment Kits] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Plastic Injection Mould Tooling Manufacturer for Vehicle Accessories. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Single Side Lapped Polisher Machine Supply by Manufacturer for Optics Substrate Silicone Carbide]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Food Tray Crates Washer Equipment Plastic Milk Box Washing Machine).F Series 380V 50Hz Hollow Shaft Gearbox with Motor, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Bus Truck Car Paint Spray Booth for Sale(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Custom Injection Molding Oil Casing Thread Protectors]

Conclusions

400W Emergency Backup Battery Powerstation Portable Solar Generator,Latex Paint Emulsion Thickener Agents with High Leveling Property-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Current Transducer Hall Effect Current Sensor with High Accuracy. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Embossed Textured Wallpaper for Solvent Printing. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,18.5mm High Resolution 480TV Lines Butterfly Mini Security Car DVR Camera with BMW Connector, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Plastic Portable Folding Platform Cart/ Flat Folding Wheel Dolly/ Collapsible Wheel Trolley.Decor Beautiful Sweet Donut Shop Wall Metal Tin Signs.

References