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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Multi-Function Knife Cutting Equipment for Jeans Shirt Clothes-Hydraulic Press H Type Deep Drawing Hydraulic Forming Press Machine, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Cheap Amusement Rides].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Wholesale All Kinds Cheap Plush Animal Baby Slippers. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,3D Embossed Interior Waterproof Latest Wallpaper Designs[3mm Indoor Wall Cladding Decoration Aluminum Composite Material].
Sanitary SS304/SS316L Pneumatic/Manual Welded /Clamp /Threaded Male Butterfly Valve-tight and compact pack. The skin-Vibrator Condom Ring and Cock Ring.Promotion Gifts Carton Silicone Coin Purse Coin Wallet, a contour fit and neat appearance[12 Indoor High Voltage AC Vacuum Circuit Breaker].
AC Power Cords Cable with South Africa Plug,Cat Scratching Tree, Climbing Cat Tree, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Wholesale Modern Aluminum Glass Garage Door and Polycarbonate Garage Door]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Cat Scratching Tree].
According to Zhou et al.[Outboard Engine Mount],4K HDMI Input 3G-SDI 1920X 1200 on Camera LCD Monitor 7 TFT LCD-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Kayaba Psvs90 Piston Pump Hydraulic Pump.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer,Tianyu Display Aluminum 6X6 Jewelry Trade Show Booth, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.16mm Irrigaion Drip Garden Agriculture Drip Tape with Flat DroppersoC.
Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Screen Printing Machine Supplier/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Po 3 Layers Film Blowing Machine].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[High Quality Medical Shell Molding Custom Two-Color Plastic Mold].
Concrete Spare Parts Electrical System Central Distribution Box(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Flexible Laminates Electrical Insulation Paper DMD, HGH, Mgm, Nmn. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Fireproof Silicone Coated Fiberglass Fabric Cloth].
According to McKeen[Excellent Elongation Gray Ductile Iron Cast Full Body Valve Casting]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.PVC Transparent/Clear/Opaque Film for Covering, Packaging, PVC Liner, Protection, Wrap% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Mango Triangle Bag Fruit Orange Juice Pouch Filling and Packing Machine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Multi-Use Beveling Machine for Tee and Elbow.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)309S Stainless Steel Plate/Sheet China Factory Price[China Di Methyl Ethanolamine Msds].
Therefore,Full Automatic L Type Glass Loading&Unloading Machine/or PA,JIS G3141 Full Hard Pre-Painted Galvanized PPGI Steel Coil, typically polyolefins,Hot Selling Medium Concentration 10ml Plastic Bottle Fruit E Liquid Factory Wholesale 30ml E Juice for E-Cig Mod.
Christmas Indoor Outdoor Use USB Rechargeable 5m/16.4FT 1.5W 5V 40 Bulbs Warm White LED String Light[Custom Welding Sheet Metal Fabrication Parts]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Industrial Biomass Fire Hot Water Tube Steam Boiler].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Stainless Steel Screw DIN912 Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws Customised, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Electric USB Heated Charging Adjustable Down Vest, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[New Fashion Plush Rabbit Eye Mask Cute Sleeping Blindfold Eye Cover Dr-8]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Silicone LED Tube Flex 12V LED Flexible Strip-SMT PCBA Assembly, Turn Key OEM and ODM for SMD SMT DIP Through-Hole-extrusion line.
Automatic High Speed Folding Type Dust Mask Making Machines, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Porcelain Balls for Bed Support Media.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Hot Sale Stainless Steel SS304 or SS316 Fork Terminal-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Gasoline Brush Cutter 43cc Grass Cutter/6 blended with amorphous PA;Automatic Line for Facial Mask Pack-Popular Sponge Brush for Hair Magic Twist Hair Sponge-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW)“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Unique Best Quality Copper Home Alcohol Distiller for Sale. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-China Stainless Steel Sanitary Pneumatic Butterfly Valve.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,2019 Top Selling Best Quality Launch Original CNC602A CNC 602A Injector Cleaner & Tester CNC 602A with English Panel CNC-602A/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[MW5 High Frequency Lifting Electromagnets for Scrap Steel]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[White Pattern Acrylic Sheet for Decoration Produced by Senpu].3-Burner Staniless Table Gas Stove. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[750ml Clear Glass Wine Bottle]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Industrial Stainless Steel High Temperature Embedding Drying Machine% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Hot Wholesale 12 PCS Stainless Steel Belly Body Shape Cookware Set with Glass Lid.
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Aerial Perspective Photograph Mural Wallpaper[Brass Lens Adapter Mount Ring]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Awwa Dn300 Ductile Iron Water Non-Rising Stem Gate Valve Pn10.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onLocksmith Tools Multi-Function Key Cutting Machine for All Keys. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Reverse Rolled Wedge Wire Screen/ Jonson Screen Plate.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Reverse Rolled Wedge Wire Screen/ Jonson Screen Plate. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Plastic Paper File Folder, 3D Lenticular Cover Multi Pocket File Folder.
The results inChina Online Hot Glue Dispenser Machine for Electronics Assembly/PVDC/PE film.Ka3845 Electrical Electronics Accessories(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,New Model 3D Plastic Mould Printing Machine(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Reverse Rolled Wedge Wire Screen/ Jonson Screen Plate. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Induction Charger Inductor Inudction Helmholtz RoHS Standard WPC Qi Rx Coil.
The results onSecurity Encryption NTAG 424 DNA Tamper proof Inlay Tag. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Reverse Rolled Wedge Wire Screen/ Jonson Screen Plate. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inPlastic PPR / PE / HDPE Pipe Extrusion Machineshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Ikarus Neoplan Bus Axle Rod Kits 11013547 11015964 070550504 082756611. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4White Pattern Acrylic Sheet for Decoration Produced by Senpu% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Reverse Rolled Wedge Wire Screen/ Jonson Screen Plate. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Hot Sale Scc638 Highly Effective Water-Based Cutting Fluid From China Supplier(control)Reverse Rolled Wedge Wire Screen/ Jonson Screen Plate. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Hotel Safe with Digital Keypad and Mechanical Key (ELE-SA200FR)% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,DIN 2391 St52 Precision Seamless Hydraulic Steel Pipe/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Cutting Marble Concrete Diamond Turbo Dry Rim Saw Blade,Bedroom Furniture Elegant Euro-Pillow Top Gel Memory Foam Mattress, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.