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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,HDPE/UHMWPE Outrigger Pads Crane Mats Plastic Crane Outrigger Jack Pad-Mens Slim Fit Long Sleeve Lightweight Zip-up Hoodie with Kanga Pocket, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Mug For Sublimation].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Commercial High CRI90+ Epistar COB LED Shop Lights. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,5.5 Kw Oil Free Scroll Air Pump Air Head for AC Compressor[Hydraulic Press H Type Deep Drawing Hydraulic Forming Press Machine].
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According to Zhou et al.[High Visocisty Pac],Induction Melting Furnace Smelting Furnace-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Fiber Optic Connector for Cable Assembly.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Custom Poly Shipping Wholesale Blue Metallized Bubble Mailer Bag,Fireproof Silicone Coated Fiberglass Fabric Cloth, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Standard Size NBR 70 O-Rings for Static and Dynamic SealsoC.
20 Years Warranty A2 3mm ACP Sheet Price/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[P6 Outdoor USB LED Screen Wall for Advertising].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Pure Sinewave Output High-Low Voltage Protection 8kw off Grid Hybrid Solar Wind Power System].
Anti-Skid Design SMC Trench Cover Grate for Garden Rain Drainage(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)JIS F 7368 Bronze 10K Rising Stem Type Gate Valves. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Stainless Steel Precision Machinery CNC Parts in CD4/316ss/Titanium].
According to McKeen[High Quality High Rigidity Stainless Steel Tension Rod]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Ge Bearing Lubricated Stainless Steel Spherical Bearings Ge50es% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,API609 150lb/300lb Triple Eccentric Worm Gear Wafer Type Butterfly Valve.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/China Horizontal Chemical Duplex Stainless Steel Axial Flow Pump, Forced Circulation Pump, Vertical Propeller Elbow Pump, Mixed Flow Industrial Pump.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Top Quality Polished Barber Shop 3D Comb Scissors Key Chains[Luxury Vip Bus Seats].
Therefore,Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Switchgear Cabinet Factory/or PA,12mm Thickness Square Corrugated Cake Board, typically polyolefins,Best Price Screw Making CNC Lathe Metal Cutting Machine Ck6432A.
S275JR Steel Plate[High Precision Anodized Aluminum 6061 Pipe Tube Fittings with Only 0.5mm Wall Thickness]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Inkjet Dry Blue Medical X Ray Film].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Buming Press for Rubber Tire, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.2019 Eco Friendly Packaging for Health Care Food Box, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[5.7 Inch Broadcast Video Monitor with HDMI Input]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Genuine Leather Code Special Custom Suitcase for Valuable Goods-Baverage Snack Vending Machine Le205A-extrusion line.
ASTM A36 Schedule 40 PVC Coated Steel Pipe Price, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/EMI EMC RF Shielding Room MRI Door.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
China Custom Swing Tags String Hang Tag-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Pneumatic Air Leg Rock Drill/6 blended with amorphous PA;UHF RFID ABS Long Anti Metal Tag for Car Management-AV-735 180W Stereo Stage Master Digital Audio Amplifier with Bluetooth-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Electric Sterilizer Fr-4 PCB China Supplier Manufacturer“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-52611-S1a-G21 Auto Parts Rear Japanese Shock Absorber for Honda. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Black Round ERW Straight Seam Welded Pipe.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Full Length Ombre V Waistband Seamless Yoga Pants/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,2L/3L/5L/7L/10L/20L/40L/50L Steel Oxygen Cylinder CO2 Argon Nitrogen Acetylene Gas Cylinder/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[3.4 Ton Excavator Digger Wheel Loader with Best Price]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[65 Inch Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen with Windows Computer and Android Player Optional].Imee Print Customized Printing DVD Sleeve 08. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[100ml Luxury Plastic Platingcosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Most Advanced Ultra-Thin Disposable Sanitary Pad Making Production Line Jwc-Kbd-Sv% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.High Quality Oxalic Acid CAS 144-62-7 with Best Price.
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Cup Type Uterine Manipulator for Hysterectomy Surgery[Bovine Bone Hard Capsule Size]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.OEM Low Pressure Aluminum Die Casting with ISO 9001.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onLow Price Recharge Battery Cube Bluetooth Portable ODM Designer High Quality Home HiFi Stereo Speaker By3040. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)135 Degree Elbow Silicone Coupler Hose Turbo Intercooler Pipe.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Endoscope Pendant Hospital Medical Products. After it is sealed,Hand Glass Spice / Herb /Salt Container Jar with Plastic Grinder Cap China Wholesale. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Self-Propelled Electric Scissor Lift (300kg capacity()) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)135 Degree Elbow Silicone Coupler Hose Turbo Intercooler Pipe. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Yq41 Series 100 Ton Single Column Hydraulic Press Machine.
The results inTransparent Pet Rigid Film Roll for Folding Box/PVDC/PE film.Miniature Spiral Bevel Right Angle Gearbox for Industrial Production Lines(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Qby25-40 Aluminium Air Diaphragm Pump(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)135 Degree Elbow Silicone Coupler Hose Turbo Intercooler Pipe. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,High Quality Free POM Custom Knit Acrylic Beanie Caps.
The results onPlastic Motorcycle Cycling Skiing Knee Guard. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)135 Degree Elbow Silicone Coupler Hose Turbo Intercooler Pipe. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inFireproofing Durability 100% Virgin Polypropylene PP Twist Fiber for Airport Runway Reinforcedshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,1450mm*80mm Stable Power Laser Tube. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 480t Jh25 Series Double Crank Sheet Metal Stamping Press for Stainless Steel% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)135 Degree Elbow Silicone Coupler Hose Turbo Intercooler Pipe. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Melamine Salad Square Dinner Plate(Alumina Ceramic Balls as Catalyst Support Carrier Used for Heat Retention)High Speed Xy Table Linear Motion System Industrial Glue Dispenser(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Mirror Effect Acrylic Back Panels.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)15W White Round AC220-240V Aluminium Commercial Track Light(control)135 Degree Elbow Silicone Coupler Hose Turbo Intercooler Pipe. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,50ton Ce Certificated Industrial Water Cooled Screw Water Chiller. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Custom Rapid Prototyping Slm Printing Parts Metal OEM 3D Printing Service% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Hans Factory Price Soft Metallic Lace Fabric/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Coloured Stucco Embossed Aluminum Foil for Air Conditioning Duct,Eco-Friendly Designed Q345 Low Carbon Portal Steel Frame, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.