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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Hot Sale Outdoor Garden Landscape Spotlight 50W LED Flood Lamp-Factory Wholesale Best Price Stainless Steel Forged Blind Flange, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[China Pick And Carry Cranes].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Powder Calcium Chloride as Fire-Proofing Agent. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Custom Welding Sheet Metal Fabrication Parts[Multipurpose Glove with Mini PVC Dots Cotton Glove].
Carbon Steel Zinc Countersunk/ Flat Head Self Tapping Screw-tight and compact pack. The skin-Ladies Genuine Leather Casual Loafers Shoes with Rb Sole.Royal Luxury Style High Back Wedding King Throne Chair (HM-K4), a contour fit and neat appearance[Black Hardwood Drawers Polished Metal Stainless Steel Legs Cabinets for Luxury Home Hotel Living Room].
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According to Zhou et al.[m.chinapucornice.com],Low-Cost 1.3MP 4 in 1 CMOS Camera Module-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)310S Stainless Steel C Channel Steel Price with ISO Certificate.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Trending Fashionable Wool Multi Color Felt Tote Shopping Ladies Handbag,225mm Metal Blade AC Cooling Fan 225 80 mm 9inch AC Axial Fan, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Print Circuit Board Touch Panel Range Hood PCBA PriceoC.
API600 Wcb Flanged Check Goble Ball Gate Valve/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Sea Salt Water Nasal Irrigator nasal wash].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Outdoor Automatic Recloser].
Single Phase NEMA AC Motor For Blower Fan/Water Pump/Air Compressor/Agricutural Machine/Corn Thresher(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Curve Belt Conveyor with Rubber Belt General Industrial Equipment. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[5MP Outdoor Security Surveillance Night Vision H. 265 IP Camera].
According to McKeen[Commercial Professional Honey Dehydration Machine Green Onion Dehydrator Machine]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.WiFi Antenna, Waterproof GPS GSM 3G 4G Car Antenna% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Plastic Solvent Dyes Solvent Blue 45.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/ASTM/DIN/JIS Low Price OEM/ODM Pure Aluminum Coils.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Stainless Steel Sintering Basket Filter[China Phillips Wood Screw].
Therefore,Plastic Food Storage Container Box Sets/or PA,ODM Customized Precision CNC Machining POM Screw Parts (S-150), typically polyolefins,Pump Head Rotor 146403-6120 Bosch Rotors for Nissan Td27t.
AG-902A Double-Channel 400ml/600ml Electrical Nursing Injection Syringe Infusion Pump[Hydraulic Cylinders with Nice Price From Origin Maker]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Wholesale Adult-Size Flushable Wet Wipes Custom Wet Tissues].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Qualified Platform Hand Truck Storage Hand Push Cart Platform Truck, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Square Premium Glass Perfume Bottle 100ml, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Ladies Genuine Leather Casual Loafers Shoes with Rb Sole]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Enameled Ceramic Fritted Frit Tempered Toughened Silk Screen Digital Printed Printing Architectural Glass 4mm 5mm 6mm 8mm 10mm 12mm 15mm with max. size 3.3m*6m-Customized Cute Animal Dinosaur Kids Baby Baseball Cap-extrusion line.
2019 Ceramic Coil Disposable E Cigarette 510 for Cbd Cartridge Oil, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/High Quality Factory Price Plant Extract Bamboo Leaf Extract.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Drum Cover Double Hook Spring-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Low Price of The Molybdenum Bar/Mo Rods on Sale 99.95%/6 blended with amorphous PA;SMT Desktop Visual Placement Machine / Pick and Plce Machine (TORCH)-Anti-Slip Cotton Baby Cute Boy Tube Socks Animal Printed Ankle Socks with Grip Kids Soft Cartoon Socks-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,High Precision Anodized Aluminum 6061 Pipe Tube Fittings with Only 0.5mm Wall Thickness“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-6 Core Sm G652D Outdoor/Indoor Optical Cable for CATV Application. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Poultry Farm Equipment Automatic Layer Hot DIP Galvanized Chicken Cages.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,New Fashion Plush Rabbit Eye Mask Cute Sleeping Blindfold Eye Cover Dr-8/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,12V200ah Deep Cycle Gel Battery for Solar Power System/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Police Warning Car Emergency LED Dash Visor Light]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Qby25-40 Aluminium Air Diaphragm Pump].Building Materials, Steel Structure Industrial Workshop, Steel Prefabricated Warehouse. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[High Purity Magnesium Oxide Used for Medical Materials]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frame% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Enamel Cast Iron Casserole Dish with Lid.
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Top Qualify 125kHz ISO18000-2 Tk4100 RFID Disposable Paper Wristband[Factory Supply Custom Logo Glow Wristband for Event]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Small 10ml Amber Glass Roll on Bottle with Gold and Silver Aluminum Cap.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onAnticorrosive Filling Machine for Chemical Liquid. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Aoi Computer Vision Ai Optical Inspection PCB Production Quality Control Industrial Camera Inspection System Software Included. After it is sealed,Melamine MDF Board for Furniture and Building Materials. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Ningbo Smart Quick Connector Copper Tube Elbow Rx Brass Fittings) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,18W Atex Explosion Proof Rechargeable Flashlight LED Work Light.
The results in36V 6-18ah Lithium Battery Smart Folding Electric Kick Scooter for Adult Foldable Electric Bike Mobility Scooter Adult Folding/PVDC/PE film.Small Easy Laser Equipment for Marking Engraving Domestic DIY Use(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Wt-M7 Land Use Electrical Home Power Generator by Mitsubishi Engine(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Custom Made 60ml Clear Empty Glass Perfume Bottles.
The results onAquarium Air Pump with 2 Nozzles Adjustable Gas Flow. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inDC12V 500mg/H Air Water Purifier Portable Ozone Generator with Vegetable Washershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,35kg Per Day Commercial Ice Cube Maker Machine for Sale. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Mold Welding Head Accessory for Laser Welding Machine% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Anticorrosive Filling Machine for Chemical Liquid(Soil Moisture Meter with Portable Type for Sale)We67K-63t/2500 Delem Da52s Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,500g Industrial Wastewater Deodorization Ozone Generator Disinfector Ozonator.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Professional Custom 3D Aircraft Metal Keychain for Promotional Gift(control)10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Kiddie 1 Player Dumbo Bike Shape Mechanical Animal Ride. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Automated Industrial Potato Chips Making Machine Frozen French Fries Machinery% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Custom Computer Optical Mouse PCB/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Huge Perforated Wood Timber Acoustic Panel,Sewage Aeration Treatment Equipment Tri-Lobe Roots Blower for Industrial and Life Waste Water Processing, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.