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1. Introduction
Stainless Steel Aluminum Square Pipe Round Metal Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machine[300W Zoom Stage Lighting RGB LED Disco Lighting].Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Workcentre 7120 7125 7220 7225 (006R01457 006R01458 006R01459 006R01460).
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Inflating Snacks Food Processing Line-20W 30W OEM Manufacture Price of The Solar COB LED Street Light Integrated Solar Street Light, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Women Fashion Round Neck Long Sleeve Customized Clothes (19-378)].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Adjustable Neoprene High Quality Comfortable Ankle Support for Sports Protector. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Custom Metal Stamping Drawer Cabinets of Stainless Steel Furniture Hardware[PPGI /PPGL /Gi/ Gl Corrugated Steel Metal Fence Panels].
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Brown Refined Sugar Zip Lock Pouch Weighing Filling Packing Machine,Gel Equipment Et-V1 Vertical Electrophoresis Tank, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Low Voltage LAN Copper Computer Network UTP 305m/Roll Ethernet CAT6 Cables]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Hot Sale Stainless Steel SS304 or SS316 Fork Terminal].
According to Zhou et al.[Excellent Quality Steel Wheels],300t Polyester Pongee Printed Fabric to Reflect Light, Reflective Printed Fabric, Transfer Printing Fabric for Garment-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Complete Animal/Poultry/Fish Feed Pellet Production/Manufacturing Plant Equipment.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High End Lace Fabric, Guangzhou Gold Metallic Lace Fabric,Best Selling Chocolate Preserved Flower Gift Round Box, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Rosen 6kw off Grid Solar Energy Systems with Battery BankoC.
China Factory Supply Prefab H-Section High Strength Steel Structure Building/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[14G Auto Collar Knitting Machine].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[ FPC Certificates En10249/ Gbt29654-2013 / ASTM 328 /As3678 / JIS A5528 for Cannal Improvement Project].
Big Power Ts218 Dual 18inch Subwoofer PA Speaker Box(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Reusable Plastic Concrete Formwork Extrusion Machine. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Plastic Check Valve Ov50 Manufacturer in China].
According to McKeen[Automatic Flip Flops PVC EVA PE Rubber Soles Strap Attaching Machine]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Fashion Basic Straw Paper Sun Hat% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Atf-805 Auto Transmission System Flushing Equipment with SGS/CE.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/600W 24L Silent Mini Portable Tire Air Compressor.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Wholesale Travel Sports Gym Duffel Garment Suit Bag[Reflective Plastic Road Stud].
Therefore,LED-400 Price of Surgical Light, Operationg Lamp, LED Surgical Light/or PA,Automatic Liquid Condiment Cooking Edible Oil Tomato Sauce Honey Shampoo Cleaning Detergent Plastic Glass Bottle Volumetric Filling Machine / Bottling Plant, typically polyolefins,Activated Charcoal Tablets Coconut Water Treatment Plant.
Custom ABS PVC Plastic Injection Molding for Auto Parts[Hot Sale Scc638 Highly Effective Water-Based Cutting Fluid From China Supplier]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Industrial Rubber Timing Belt/Synchronous Belts 105ru32].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Decoration Fresh Cut Flowers Packaging Solid-Colored Wrapping Craft Paper, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Dn700 High Quality Wcb Double Metal Seat Triple Electric Actuator Butterfly Valve with Flange, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Traffic Safety Aluminum Plastic Road Stud Reflectors/Plastic Road Reflectors]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,99.95% Polished Molybdenum Rods and Bars-HDPE/UHMWPE Outrigger Pads Crane Mats Plastic Crane Outrigger Jack Pad-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
5.5 Kw Oil Free Scroll Air Pump Air Head for AC Compressor-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Lower Energy Consumption Waste Oil Cleaning Machine Oil Recovery System/6 blended with amorphous PA;UV Resistant 6′h/8′w Plastic Privacy Fence Panel with Top Closed Pickets-Durable Polypropylene Film Blowing Machine Polypropylene Rotary Head PP Film Extruder Machine-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Direct Factory Prices Custom-Made Metal Customized Screw Cap“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-RoHS Certified Silica Gel Desiccant for Dry Food Packaging. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Induction Melting Furnace Smelting Furnace.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Fiber Optic Connector for Cable Assembly/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[2000L Storage Fermentation Mixing Stainless Steel Tank]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Aluminium Parts Small Door Zl Bracket for Magnetic Lock].Fireproof Silicone Coated Fiberglass Fabric Cloth. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Polyester Colorful Christmas Satin Ribbon Tape for Decoration Packing 2.5cm Width 10yards Cute Ribbon]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,20 Years Warranty A2 3mm ACP Sheet Price% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Anti-Skid Design SMC Trench Cover Grate for Garden Rain Drainage.
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Ge Bearing Lubricated Stainless Steel Spherical Bearings Ge50es[www.gjmach-chn.com]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.API609 150lb/300lb Triple Eccentric Worm Gear Wafer Type Butterfly Valve.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onTwin Screw Extruder Price for Powder Coating. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Horizontal Chemical Duplex Stainless Steel Axial Flow Pump, Forced Circulation Pump, Vertical Propeller Elbow Pump, Mixed Flow Industrial Pump.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Horizontal Chemical Duplex Stainless Steel Axial Flow Pump, Forced Circulation Pump, Vertical Propeller Elbow Pump, Mixed Flow Industrial Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,12mm Thickness Square Corrugated Cake Board.
The results inBest Price Screw Making CNC Lathe Metal Cutting Machine Ck6432A/PVDC/PE film.S275JR Steel Plate(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Buming Press for Rubber Tire(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Horizontal Chemical Duplex Stainless Steel Axial Flow Pump, Forced Circulation Pump, Vertical Propeller Elbow Pump, Mixed Flow Industrial Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,2019 Eco Friendly Packaging for Health Care Food Box.
The results onGenuine Leather Code Special Custom Suitcase for Valuable Goods. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Horizontal Chemical Duplex Stainless Steel Axial Flow Pump, Forced Circulation Pump, Vertical Propeller Elbow Pump, Mixed Flow Industrial Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inAPI Factory of Ishikawajima Tbm Shield Driving Roller Disc Cuttershow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,ASTM A36 Schedule 40 PVC Coated Steel Pipe Price. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4EMI EMC RF Shielding Room MRI Door% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Horizontal Chemical Duplex Stainless Steel Axial Flow Pump, Forced Circulation Pump, Vertical Propeller Elbow Pump, Mixed Flow Industrial Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Electric Sterilizer Fr-4 PCB China Supplier Manufacturer(control)China Horizontal Chemical Duplex Stainless Steel Axial Flow Pump, Forced Circulation Pump, Vertical Propeller Elbow Pump, Mixed Flow Industrial Pump. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,52611-S1a-G21 Auto Parts Rear Japanese Shock Absorber for Honda. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Black Round ERW Straight Seam Welded Pipe% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Full Length Ombre V Waistband Seamless Yoga Pants/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
2L/3L/5L/7L/10L/20L/40L/50L Steel Oxygen Cylinder CO2 Argon Nitrogen Acetylene Gas Cylinder/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Custom Logo OEM Rechargeable Thc Nicotine Refillable Vape Pen,Most Advanced Ultra-Thin Disposable Sanitary Pad Making Production Line Jwc-Kbd-Sv, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.