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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Auto Racing 1 Switch Panels Red Cover Toggle Switch 12V 20A Racing Ignition Switch Panel Engine Start Push Button 2 in 1 Toggle Ignition Switch Panel-Mslhgg20 Newest Pet Drying Box for Sale, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Wholesale Luxury 15ml Cosmetic Packaging Aluminum Cream Container Jar].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Men Women Spring Hinges Reading Glasses Classic Real Wood Finish Readers +1.0~+4.0 Plastic Eyeglasses. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,5-Star 100 Cotton King Size Cheap Stripe Hotel Duvet Cover[BS712n Band Saw].
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515mm Length 600n Load Steel Gas Spring for Automobile,Logo Branded 16X DVD R Blank Media Discs in Cake Box, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[New Fruit Juice Production Line Milk Processing Plant]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Plastic Clear T-Shirt Retail Drinks Tea Coffee Coca Beverage Bags].
According to Zhou et al.[Ultra Low Noise Centrifugal Portable Evaporative Air Conditioner/Cooler],Yellow Resistance Epoxy Resin for LED Channel Letter-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Stainless Steel Truss with Washer Collar Head Self Tapping Screw.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels,High Quality Egg Grading Production Line, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.FRP Fiber Glass Reinforced Plastics Pultruded ProfileoC.
Forging Metal Building Parts/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Melamine Salad Square Dinner Plate].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Spring/Autumn Men Cotton Minitary Jacket with Stand Collar].
Auto Dial Telephone Hotline Telephone Emergency Phone Service Public Phone(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Dongfeng 4X2 4X4 Cummins Engine 15000 Liters LPG Tank Truck with Dispenser. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Home Decoration Metal Vase Wrought Iron Crafts Wedding Vase].
According to McKeen[Gasoline Brush Cutter 43cc Grass Cutter]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.DIN Standard Sanitary Concentric Reducer% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Pigment Spin Flash Drying Equipment.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/UHP Graphite Electrodes with Competitive Price.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Black Waterproof Oil Resistant Non Slip Chef Safety Shoes[Aluminum Outdoor Inverter Enclosure Extruded Aluminum Enclosure].
Therefore,Stone Carving Water Children Fountain for Garden Decoration (NS-1124)/or PA,Hifu Slimming Beauty Salon Instruments, typically polyolefins,14G Auto Collar Knitting Machine.
Lace Pink Muslim Suit Dress Lady Long Sleeve[4mm 5mm 6mm 4X8 Thick Transparent Rigid PVC Sheet with Double Sides PE Films]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Lush Ice Mango Mint Great Taste Custom Pod Electronic Cigarette Disposable].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,20FT T50 LPG/Chlorine/Trichloroethane/Propane/Isobutane/Ammonia/Methyl/Ethylene Oxide Storage 22tons ISO Tank Container, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Extruded Foamed Rubber Silicone Foamed Flexible Extrusion Colorful Seal Strip, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Wholesale Embroidery Patch in Customzied Size and Design]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,High Speed Automatic Plastic Film Slitting Machine Rewinding Machine-Chameleon Pearl Pigment Powder for Car Painting-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Buying in Bulk Wholesale Real Mink Brazilian Hair, Wholesale Unprocessed Virgin Brazilian Hair Bundles-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;High Refresh Rate Indoor/Outdoor Full Color Advertising LED Display Screen P2.5/P3/P4/6 blended with amorphous PA;Bubble Soccer Ball / Inflatable Body Bumper Ball for Adult-Brass Gas Ball Valve (V25-209)-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,6ml Perfume Bottles Hanging Wooden Cap Car Perfume Bottle“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Wholesale The Warp Knitting Other Metrail Sports Custom Polyester Scarf. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Silicone Coated Fiberglass Cloth for Fabric Compensator.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Custom Coated Paper Cmyk Printing Book Gift Box with Magnet Close/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Factory Wholesale Best Price Stainless Steel Forged Blind Flange]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[China Suppliers Cosmetic Packaging 15ml 30ml 50ml Empty Frosted Luxury Lotion Airless Pump Bottle].Garment Accessories Heart Reversible Sequin Designs Embroidery Patches. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[UHP Graphite Electrodes with Competitive Price]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Door Hardwares, Link Pipe, Link Clip% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Quality Refined Edible Salt with Best Price From China.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onA182 F11 Dn25 Pn10 Weld Neck Flange for Welding. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Prefab Light Steel Structure Construction Industrial Warehouse Farm Shed (KXD-58).
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Prefab Light Steel Structure Construction Industrial Warehouse Farm Shed (KXD-58). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,S23 Electric Logistic Car, Cargo Box, Cargo Van, Cargo Container, Cargo Pickup, Closed Logistics Car.
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Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Prefab Light Steel Structure Construction Industrial Warehouse Farm Shed (KXD-58). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Printing Portable Woman Handbag PU Leather Handbags.
The results onAuto Radiator for Speedmaster Aluminum Alloy Motorcycle Radiator. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Prefab Light Steel Structure Construction Industrial Warehouse Farm Shed (KXD-58). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in250ml PP Bottle Fresh Coconut Water-Vietnam Manufacturer-OEM Fruit Juice-From Rita Brandshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Fresh Air Rooftop Package Unit. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4China Factory Direct Supplied Resistant to Rust Women and Men Optical Frames Eyeglasses% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Prefab Light Steel Structure Construction Industrial Warehouse Farm Shed (KXD-58). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Inflating Snacks Food Processing Line(control)Prefab Light Steel Structure Construction Industrial Warehouse Farm Shed (KXD-58). Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,20W 30W OEM Manufacture Price of The Solar COB LED Street Light Integrated Solar Street Light. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Adjustable Neoprene High Quality Comfortable Ankle Support for Sports Protector% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Custom Metal Stamping Drawer Cabinets of Stainless Steel Furniture Hardware/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%PVC TPU Layflat Fire/Irrigation Hose/Pipe Extrusion Making Equipment,Brown Refined Sugar Zip Lock Pouch Weighing Filling Packing Machine, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.