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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,49 Inch LCD Screen Advertising Video Wall Splicing Screen-High Soundless Cracking Agent Expansive Mortar, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Cold Drawn Smls 304 Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe Tube with Competitive Price].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Customize PCB Assembly Computer Parts. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,China Longest Lifespan 2V3000ah Opzv Battery Solar 2V 3000ah Opzv2-3000[Kd 60A-2 Two Strokes Update to Four Strokes 60cc ATV].
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300W Zoom Stage Lighting RGB LED Disco Lighting,Plastic Check Valve Ov50 Manufacturer in China, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[China Aluminium Foil Food Container Production Line on Sale]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[China LCD Display Manufacturer Cjtouch 21.5′′ Capacitive Touch Screen Display].
According to Zhou et al.[Hd Bulb Ip Wifi Hidden Camera],8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)New Fruit Juice Production Line Milk Processing Plant.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Giant Finishing Equipment Mass Finishing Vibratory Tumbler Tumbler Deburr,Semi-Auto Tube Shoulder Injection Molding Machine, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Agv Single Drive 1-Way Lurking Pulling Style for 500kgsoC.
Blue White Orange Color Desiccant Silica Gel/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Epimedium Brevicornum Sagittatum Leaf Seeds Extract Icariins Powder 10% 50% 60% 80% 98%].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[300W Zoom Stage Lighting RGB LED Disco Lighting].
PC Series Stone Hammer Crusher(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)3600watts I-Tech 18000 Power Audio Amplifier DJ Amplifier Price. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[PPGI /PPGL /Gi/ Gl Corrugated Steel Metal Fence Panels].
According to McKeen[52611-S1a-G21 Auto Parts Rear Japanese Shock Absorber for Honda]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Rg59 Rg58 Rg11 CCTV Cable Security Camera/Cable Coaxial /Antenna TV% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Lever Pull Wire Rope Pulling Hoist.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Factory Price Professional Xgma Xg932h 3 Tons Front End Loader.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Hydraulic Vessel Telescopic Kunckle Floading Boom Marine Ship Deck Crane[Custom Easy Install Stage Lighting Truss Aluminum].
Therefore,Customized Forklift Accessories in Investment /Lost Wax/Precision Casting/or PA,Facroty Price CNC Horizontal Type Aluminum and UPVC Window Door Bending Machine Window Machine, typically polyolefins,Wholesale Hot Sale Disposable Vape Pen Pod System Vaporizer Electronic Cigarette.
Lush Ice Mango Mint Great Taste Custom Pod Electronic Cigarette Disposable[Low Voltage LAN Copper Computer Network UTP 305m/Roll Ethernet CAT6 Cables]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Hot Sale Stainless Steel SS304 or SS316 Fork Terminal].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Blt Running Style Casual Shoe for Men, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[14G Auto Collar Knitting Machine]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Fully Automatic Battery Cage for Layer-Nice Design Wall Plate Furniture Socket Lgt-Ws02-extrusion line.
Gas Piston Gas Strut Gas Spring 450n for Trailer, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/92%&95% Alumina Ceramic Abrasive Resistant Tube.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Abrasive Roloc Easy Strip Disc (Professional manufacturer)-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Straw/Sawdust/Wood Pellet Machine Popular in Household Production/6 blended with amorphous PA;Aluminum Alloy Fabrication Designs 6063 Custom Aluminum Extrusion Companies-16′′ 12V Battery Operated Rechargeable Solar Pedestal Fan-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Blue Limestone Tiles for Decoration“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-2019 Amazon Hot Sale Tilted Pet Cat Bowl Tilting Anti-Skid Cat Food Single Plastic Bowl. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Reusable Travel Bamboo Wooden Fiber Cutlery Set with Bag Pouch Bamboo Utensils.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Wholesale PP 43mm Neck Plastic Liquid Soap Foam Pump Dispenser/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Red Panda Kigurumi Easter Halloween Party Animal Cosplay Costumes for Adult/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Hot Sale Scc638 Highly Effective Water-Based Cutting Fluid From China Supplier]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Traffic Safety Aluminum Plastic Road Stud Reflectors/Plastic Road Reflectors].Potassium Nitrate Fertilizer Processing Equipment. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[ Wholesale Unprocessed Virgin Brazilian Hair Bundles]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Precision Hydraulic Manual Mattress Foam Cutting Press% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.1000m2 Low Cost High Quality Prefab House H-Beam Steel Structure for Warehouse/ Factory Building.
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P6 Outdoor USB LED Screen Wall for Advertising[2ml Test Tube Flat Glass Test Tube Factory OEM/ODM Products]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.400m/Min Shaft Less Slitting Machine for BOPP Pet OPP Films.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onAluminium Parts Small Door Zl Bracket for Magnetic Lock. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)3mm Indoor Wall Cladding Decoration Aluminum Composite Material.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Gymnastics Spring Sports Mat Spring. After it is sealed,Melamine Powder 99.5% Used for Laminate. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Best Price of 48 Cores Single Mode Gyfts Armored Duct Fiber Optic) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)3mm Indoor Wall Cladding Decoration Aluminum Composite Material. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,2RCA Male to 3.5mm Female Audio Jack Y Splitter Cable.
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Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)3mm Indoor Wall Cladding Decoration Aluminum Composite Material. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,LPG-200 High Speed Centrifugal Spray Drier.
The results onCNC Steel Cutting and Milling Machinery. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)3mm Indoor Wall Cladding Decoration Aluminum Composite Material. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inLogo Branded 16X DVD R Blank Media Discs in Cake Boxshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,High Quality Laundry Bar Soap with Low Price. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Acrylic Crystal Lightbox Menu Board Signaga Aluminum Profile Light Box% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)3mm Indoor Wall Cladding Decoration Aluminum Composite Material. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Factory Supplier FKM Colored Rubber O Ring(control)3mm Indoor Wall Cladding Decoration Aluminum Composite Material. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Top Zip Lock Aluminum Foil Plastic Packing LDPE Ziplock Bag. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%1/8- 6 Black Banded Tee Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Portable USB Mini Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser for Car Office Customs Data/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Fiber Cement Calcium Silicate Wall Cladding Board/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%2019 Wholesale Printed Cohesive Bandage Tape for Medical Usuage,Industrial Biomass Fire Hot Water Tube Steam Boiler, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.