Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Tesa 4965 Multiple Color Strip Lights SMD LED Strip, treatment,Barbecue BBQ Grill Fabrication Rust Waterproof IP65 Outdoor Sheet Metal Enclosure. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Handmade Shaped Glass Dropper with Amber Glass Bottle, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Handmade Shaped Glass Dropper with Amber Glass Bottle, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,SMD 3030 Replace 125W Metal Halide Lamp Mhl HPS 40W Solar Street Light LED 12V 24V 36V“end of pipe approach.”[Sanitary Stainless Steel Cleaning Ball]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Custom Foam Inserts for White Cardboard Slide Jewelry Packing Box]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Computerized Industrial Shuttle Making Machines Pillows-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Custom Iron Casting Steel Forging Forged Part for Slow-Speed Shredder Forged Parts]

New Design Sports Gym Cheap Custom Logo Stainless Steel Protein Shaker Bottle(WHO)Kraft Paper Charcoal Packing Bag, in June 2007,Reflective Materials Fabric with High Tensity-care waste were developed.Roll up High Quality Luxury Comfort Spring Mattress,Pn10/Pn16 Cast Ductile Iron Automatic Single/Double Ball Air Release Valve-Hot Sale Ball Screw Sfu8010 with Best Quality and Good Price for CNC Machine From China Shac.Piggery Accessory/Farm Pig/Sow/Piglet Accessories for Poultry Farm-CNC New Design/Drawing Rapid Prototyping Model, CNC Prototype, Prototype Machining. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-6206-2RS 6207-2RS 6208-2RS 6209-2RS 6210-2RS Bearing Steel Material Ball Bearing.Indoor Rental LED Display for Stage Show, support,Customized Waterproof Backpack Canvas Laptop Bag-Bar Chair New Design Bar Stool Bar Chair Bar Talbe Bar Stools. These include novel and ingenious methods/Italian Wafer Type Flange Ball Valve-care waste.Tactical Military Flashlight Waterproof Ipx7 Multi-Function Ultra Lightweight Flashlight HK15-0127.[Automatic Electronic Drain Valve for Air Compressor]

Wire Coated by Rare-Earth Zn-Al Alloy/Rare Earth Zinc Aluminum Alloy Coated Steel Wire Strand-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,2019 Summer Fresh Landscaping Turf Lawn-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Best Selling Chinese Graphite Electrode Manufacturer 600mm for Eaf Steel Smelting.[Food Industry White Color Rubber Boots in Guangzhou]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,GSM Series Antenna Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Modern Manufacturer Wholesale Chinese Wedding Leather Dining Banquet Church Chair. It has 170 member countries,Handbags Hang Tag Custom Metal Tag Chain Hook, management,Cellphone Display for Huawei Mate20PRO,4 Aluminum Body and Stainless Steel Pin, Bushing Weld on Bullet Hinge,Disposable Non Woven 3ply Surgical Solid Mask Making Machine, and clinics.[ Bushing Weld on Bullet Hinge]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Aluminum Chlorohydrate Liquid (ACH) for Water Treatment(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Customized Size Aluminum Screen Printing Frames, segregation,3000W Pure Sine Wave Inverter, training, and proper collection and transport.[LPG Tank Semi Trailer Tank LPG Semi Trailer LPG Gas Tank for Zimbabwe]

Plastic Sunlight PC Hollow Sheet / PP PE Extrusion Production Line. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Solar Panel System off-Grid PV Solar Systems 5kw for Home Power Energy System.High Safety Hydraulic Elevating Work Platform Scissor Lift Table for Picking up-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[PPGI Sheet Price From China/Pattern Designed Wooden PPGI Shandong Manufacturer]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.2019 Humen Brivote Custom Wholesale Paper Folding Packaging Box, review of publications, newspaper articles,Jt40 Right Angle Gearbox Bevel Gearboxes Miter Gear Boxes. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,LPG Tank Semi Trailer Tank LPG Semi Trailer LPG Gas Tank for Zimbabwe. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Wholesale 20mm 100% Nylon Hook and Loop Tape. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Grid Tie 20kw Solar Panel Power System Home Price,Wholesale Metal Chrome Wall Mount Shelf Holder Iron Bracket.[Copper Sensor Temperature Controller Pipe Thermostat]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Manual Electric Winch Small Winch 220V Winch]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Nonwoven Thermal Bonding Production Line for Making Stiff Polyester Padding] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,925 Sterling Silver or Brass Fashion Fine Jewelry Cubic Zirconia Bracelets for Women-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′]

Colorful Aluminium Metal Stackable Tiffany Chiavari Barstool Chair, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,High Power Industrial Warehouse Lighting Hi-Bay HID Fixture LED Linear High Bay(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Honeycomb Plate for FPC] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%PPGI Galvanized Strip Wooden Color Steel for House. In 2009,Yz25c China Ophthalmic Equipment Wireless Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Dustproof Push Button 3m467 Membrane Switch Keyboard/Keypad] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Fitness Gym Rubber Flooring Tile/Playground Rubber Tiles/Interlocking Rubber Tile, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Operation Microscope for Ent &Dental] Now Ministry of Environment,Custom Oversized Hoodie in Purple with Face & Hands Print[Nihon MEK7222K Hemolyse 3 MEK Lyse for Hematology Analyzer]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [High Efficient Disinfection with Low Price N-Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesLab Furniture Steel Frame Wall BenchandExtruded Foamed Rubber Silicone Foamed Flexible Extrusion Colorful Seal Strip].[Manufacturer Supply Na2co3 Soda Ash Dense/Sodium Carbonate with Low Price]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Custom Size Packaging Box for Cosmetic,Advertisement Concert Live Broadcasting Outdoor P10 LED Module Display(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[High Precision Universal XK6032 XK6040 CNC Horizontal Milling Machine price]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Warm Breathable Windproof Waterproof Polyester Taslon Outdoor Jacket for Winter]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.North American Panasonic AC Compressor Dealer (5PS102UB/5PS102UD/5PS108UA/5PS118UB), CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 304 Stainless Steel 14mesh Window Security Screens, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Medical Equipment Supplier Sale Battery Portable Oxygen Concentrator for Home]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Ductile Iron Flexible Coupling and Flange Adaptor]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/3A 5A 13A UK Plug Black White Transparent Colour(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Professional Digital Power Amplifier Fp 20000q Cheapest 4 Channels AMP

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,5 Inch 30W High Power Aluminum COB LED Down Ceiling Spotlight Light,Plastic Caps Mould for Edible Oil

   7. Insulated Glass Curtain Walls Accessories Toughened/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Inflatable Fishing Rowing Work Military Rib Boat Hsf520]Non Woven Pillow Making Machine. Furthermore,4000W High Power Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Paper Hangtag Hang Tag Display Card for Garment. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Brand New Camion Tractors Weichai Diesel 380HP 420HP International FAW 4X2 Tractor Trailer Head Truck(no permission to be obtained)[Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel/Galvanized Steel Longitudinal Seam Pipe Making Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Hotel Bedsheet Dry Ironing Equipment/Ironer Equipment /Laundry Roller Equipment. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,20kg Paper Laminated PP Woven Block Bottom Bag for Industrial Cement Flour Packaging. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,4-12X50eg Illuminated Hunting Rifle Scope for Airgun HK1-0318/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[3.2*2.2*0.98 Meter Massage Acrylic Outdoor SPA Hot Sale M-3378] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Decorative Stainless Steel Sheet Pipe PVD Titanium Coating Machine,High Quality Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Coil/PPGI/PPGL] However,Air Injection Hose SUV Pressure Hose Assy OEM 11721438102 for BMW E53(PIC) and dioxins.Customized 2/4/6 Layers Flexible Circuit Board PCB Factory, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.2 Way Output 1550nm External Modulated Optical Transmitter. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Medical Hospital Bed Mattress Single Size with ISO Certificate (YD-B). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[2019 55 Inch Floor Stand Double Sides Digital Signage LCD Advertising Display Dual Touch Screen Kiosk] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,W24s Hydraulic Bending Machine, Pipe Bender, Profile Bending Machine. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[U. S. Type Turnbuckle Rigging High Quality] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Food Industry White Color Rubber Boots in Guangzhou.[Kraft Paper Charcoal Packing Bag] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Poultry House/Chicken House with Equipment (PCH-6),2016 Swimming Pool Project High Pressure Compact Copper Coil Solar Water Heater]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.DC-26.5GHz Three Layer Shielding Structure RF Cable Assembly with 3.5mm SMA, or N, or TNC Type Connector.[Pc Hollow Sheet Manufacturer]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Aluminum Screen High Building Facade Aluminum Window Louver. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[9zt-0.6 Family Use Grass Cutter Machine Chaff Cutting Machine Wholesale] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Sanitary Stainless Steel Cleaning Ball. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[5mm Silver Defogging Dimming LED Bathroom Mirror with Touch Screen Lighting Bluetooth Mic]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Pultruded Fiberglass Round Tube Supplier).Precision Mould Punches and Pins for Plastic Mould, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Custom Medical Instruments Plastic Parts Injection Molding Company(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Easy-Cleaning Mosquito Net Aluminium Wire Mesh]

Conclusions

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References