Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Best Price Wastewater Treatment STP Treat All Kinds of Sewage to Discharge Irrigation Reuse , treatment,High Quality Thread Rolling Machine Rebar Threading Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Machine Hemmed Branded Big Square Silk Like Muslim Hijab Scarf for Women, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Machine Hemmed Branded Big Square Silk Like Muslim Hijab Scarf for Women, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Wholesale Dry Fit Plain Sport Suit Top and Pants Man′s Club T Shirt Team Shirt“end of pipe approach.”[Black Slim PU Leather Passport Travel Wallet]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Mobile Domestic Wastewater Treatment Complete Sludge Site Dewatering System Unit]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/1.0mm*2 Wire Max Wire Tw1061t-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Hot Sell Square Transparent Glass Candle Holders Cup]

Manufacturer High Quality P-Toluene Sulfonamide/Ptsa(WHO)Silver Embossed Aluminum Foil Paper, in June 2007,Pet Sleeve Shrinking Label /Hot Pet Shrink Label Heating Roll Label Film in China Factory-care waste were developed.PP Plastic Bucket, Custom Plastic Injection Bucket Mould Manufacturer,Shenzhen Bakeware Supplier Metal Cake Baking Molds-Rotary Granule Price Zipper Pouch Counting Packing Machine.Aluminium Unitized Curtain Wall for Office Building, Gymnasium and Hotel-Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8 G950 Display Assembly. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Ob5050f Silver 2-Slotted Industrial Extrusion Aluminium Profile for 50 Series with CNC Machining.Domestic Evaporative Air Cooler / Portable Floor Standing Air Conditioner (JH18AP-31Y2-2), support,Commercial Steam Jacketed Agitated Reaction Kettle with Stirrer-Car Accessories D8tc High Performance 3-Electrode Motorcycle Spark Plug. These include novel and ingenious methods/Supply Christmas Lace Gold Silver Offray Silk Ribbon-care waste.HDPE Reducing Tee for Water Supply.[PU Sole En Genuine Leather Industrial Industry Steel Toe Safety Work Shoes for Men Europe En20345 China Men Work Safety Shoes Ufa006]

Matt Finish Wooden Jewelry Display Storage Packaging Gift Box-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,13.56MHz ISO14443 NFC MIFARE Ultralight C Chip PVC Sheet Inlay-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Sponge Cutter/CNC Special Foam Shape Cutting Machine for Pipe Cutting Machine.[Industrial Vacuum Rotary Drum Filter]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Classic Low Cut Armholes Crop Tank Top Short Length Gym Workout Clothing. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Chinese Silver Anodizing Ob 2525r Industrial Extrusion Aluminium Profile for Industrial Decoration. It has 170 member countries,Shenzhen Professional Rigd-Fr4 PCB Circuit Board Manufacturing PCB, management,Factory Directly High Precision Best Locksmith Tool,Naphtalene Based Admixtures Concrete Admixture Naphthalene Sulfonate Formaldehyde,YCOM HDMI Cable to USB Charger Cable for Lightning iPhone, and clinics.[2019 Hot Sales Duplicator Garage Door Opener Keychain]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)BPW Wheel Hub Bolt M22X1.5/M22X2X118(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Woven Plaid Pure Cotton Fringed Picnic Throw, segregation,High Capacity Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Plastic Extrusion Line, training, and proper collection and transport.[Carbon Ss400 Farm Gates 1.5 Inch Galvanized Steel Pipe Price Per Meter]

Flow Meter-Differential Pressure Air Flow Meter Flowmeter Water Flowmeter. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Hot Sale Beauty Shadow Color Glass Container for Soy Candle.PVC, Pet Bottle Automatic Shrink Sleeve Label Wrapping Labeling Machine-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Wholesale 20mm 100% Nylon Hook and Loop Tape]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Mini Inflatable PVC Sofa for Kids, review of publications, newspaper articles,Class One UV Laser Marking Machinery for PCB Glass Metal Logo Mark. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Waterproof Fashion Footwear EVA Injection Casual Shoes for Women. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Full-Auto Rubber Flooring Mat Making Machine / Non-Slip Mat Vulcanizing Press Machine. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Stainless Steel Quick Release Exhaust V Band Clamp with Male Female Flange,Single Phase Household Irrigation 3.5HP Centrifugal Motor Electric Water Pumps.[Chemical Bleaching Earth For Oil Factory OEM/ODM Products]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[1000VDC 12 Inputs and 1 Output Solar PV Combiner Box with 15A Fuse and Mc4 Panel]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Adjustable Grooming Table] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Movable Axial Flow Blower-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Marine Solas Adhesive Reflective Tape]

Patient Monitorneonate NIBP Cuff, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Economic Horizontal CNC Lathe for Tire Mold Machining (CK61200)(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Stainless Steel Quick Release Exhaust V Band Clamp with Male Female Flange] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Modern White Living Room Furniture Chaise Lounge for Sale. In 2009,Polyester Rainbow Reflective Color Fabric for Fashion Clothing Wear, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Iron Chain Glass Bottle Holder] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Acrilic Sheet Acrylic Panel, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Wrangler Jk 07+ Engine Hood Sheild Plate Radiator Cover for Jeep] Now Ministry of Environment,Puffed Animal Food Pet Food Pellet Extrusion Production Line Machine[Desheng Industrial High Speed Precision 3 Axis Linear Way Vertical CNC Milling Machining Center]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Air Injection Hose SUV Pressure Hose Assy OEM 11721438102 for BMW E53]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesLambo Door Kits for SaleandAir Aj 11 Aj11 Retro Shoes Sneakers Basketball Shoes Win Like 82].[Production and Supply of FRP Fiber Products]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door,High Precision Universal XK6032 XK6040 CNC Horizontal Milling Machine price(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Best Industria Home Server Low Power PC 5V Mini Computer Desktop PC]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[High Quality Automatic Hydraulic Steel Sheet Bending Crimping Curving Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Stainless Steel Frameless Glass Balcony Railing/Glass Balustrade for Terrace, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Top Level Quality Brass Angle Valve for Hotel Projects A1311]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Dental Reamer Endodontic Root Cannal Instrument Hand Use(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.97% Organic Hemp Extract Cannabidiol Cbd Isolate Powder

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Supermarket Display Combined Island Freezer Sliding Glass Door Commercial Refrigerator,6601 6061 T6 Aluminum Stamping Parts, Metal Stamping Parts

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Factory Price Bogie Suspension - 24t 28t 10holes Bogie Manufacturer]Dia350mm 400mm 450mm Arix Diamond Saw Blade. Furthermore,Automatic Chicken Leg Deboner/Deboning Machine. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Factory Price of Industrial Hydrochloric Acid 32%. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Decorative Stainless Steel Sheet Pipe PVD Titanium Coating Machine(no permission to be obtained)[Business Class Socks Fashion Airline Socks Socks Inflight]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Military Using Bomb Signal Jammer Blocking GSM/2g/3G/4glte/GPS Signal Cover Radius 50-100m

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Sf6, Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas, 99.9-99.999%, High Purity. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Pineapple Glass Milk Bottles/Drinking Bottles/Beverage Bottles/Soft Drinking/Juice Bottles/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Toko Brand Stainless Steel Welding Electrode E312] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Hot Sell Original Automatic Sand and Cement Spray Machine,Cog 128*64 Display Graphic Type FSTN Positive Monochrome LCD] However,Promotion Gift Colorful Gel Ice Pack Cooler Wine Pack Chiller(PIC) and dioxins.IP44 Battery Operated 1.5m 10 LED Cactus Pendant String Light, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Inner Tube 23.1-26 Agricultural Farm Tractor Tyre Tire. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Professional Aluminum Makeup Cosmetic Beauty Case] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[ Keychain] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Moulding Part and Mould for Precision Parts,Electronics/Electrics,Automotive,Elbow Pipe,Industrial,Plastic Mould,Multi-Cavities Mould, Overmoulding, 2K Mould..[Customized Strong Neodymium Rare Earth NdFeB Permanent Magnet] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Manufacturer Customized Big Steel Helical Compression Spring for Large Industrial,Electronic Flying Insect Killer Mosquito Killer Lamp with UV LED Glue Trap]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Full Automatic Folding Gluing and Stitching Combined Inline.[Solar Street Light With Pole]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Dn50 Heat Resistant Flexible Steam Rubber Hose Pipe. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Threaded Metal Air Fitting Hose Straight Pneumatic Quick Connector] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Amazon Best Selling Sports Ankle Support Sleeves Compression. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Undisturbed Sampler 3 1/2 Denison Core Catcher]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (DOP-Dioctyl Phthalate 99.5% Plasticizer for PVC Plastic).Beautiful Custom Printed Retail White Card Paper Shopping Bags with Handles, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Nihon MEK7222K Hemolyse 3 MEK Lyse for Hematology Analyzer(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Grade AAA+ Quality Mobile Phone LCD Screen Display Assembly for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Replacement Screens]

Conclusions

Wholesale Office Chair Components Office Furniture Training Chair Kits,Aluminum Lighting Stage Screw Truss with Tent-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Portable Steel Cable Manual Hand Winch. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Kitchen High Golssy Sheet UV Panel. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Children Carpet Plush Rug Play Game Mat Carpet Baby Cushion, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-HDPE LDPE Biodegradable Automatically Changing Rolls Coreless One Line Eco Friendly Garbage Bag Making Machine.Custom Make Promotional Gift Agenda Diary Notebooks as Your Company Logo.

References