Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)F Series 380V 50Hz Hollow Shaft Gearbox with Motor, treatment,Bus Truck Car Paint Spray Booth for Sale. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Halloween Decoration Battery Operated LED Skull Shaped Pendant String Light, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Halloween Decoration Battery Operated LED Skull Shaped Pendant String Light, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,1.5mm Fiber Lens for Laser Cutting Machine“end of pipe approach.”[ISO 7241-a Bsp Hyaulic Quick Coupling Hose Connectors]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Xk5032 Precision CNC Vertical Milling Machine]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/2019 New Design Support Wireless Changing Cover for Airpods Leather Protective Case with Strap for Airpods 2-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Swing Top Beer Bottle]

Automatic Biological Bacteria Fermenting Machine(WHO)2019 Original Laptop for Book 13.5 I7 2.6GHz 16GB RAM 512GB SSD Nvidia Warranty, in June 2007,Spun Concrete Transmission Pole Making Welding Machine-care waste were developed.Manual Electric Winch Small Winch 220V Winch,New Wireless Action Car Recorder Panoramic IP Camera-Desk and Wall Mount LCD Arm.250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer-Customized Logo Outdoor Hanging Swinging Camping Hammock. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Hzs90 Ready Mix Concrete Plant Equipment.12 Bottles Portable Home Ues Thermoelectric Wine Chiller, support,400W Emergency Backup Battery Powerstation Portable Solar Generator-Latex Paint Emulsion Thickener Agents with High Leveling Property. These include novel and ingenious methods/Current Transducer Hall Effect Current Sensor with High Accuracy-care waste.Embossed Textured Wallpaper for Solvent Printing.[Long Life Span Environmentally-Friendly Steel Framing Systems]

18.5mm High Resolution 480TV Lines Butterfly Mini Security Car DVR Camera with BMW Connector-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Plastic Portable Folding Platform Cart/ Flat Folding Wheel Dolly/ Collapsible Wheel Trolley-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Decor Beautiful Sweet Donut Shop Wall Metal Tin Signs.[Sany Hydraulic Excavator Sy16-Sy465 Mechanical Spare Parts Cylinder]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Uruguay Customers Promotion Steel Buidlings. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)750ml Clear Straight Side Round Glass Jar with Screw Lids(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.SBR Round DOT Horse Stall Mat, Rubber Stable Mat, segregation,Italian Modern Black Leather Sectional Big Size Sofa, training, and proper collection and transport.[Logo Printed Cardboard with Handle for Cake Carrier Packaging Box]

2 Inch Professional Audio Loudspeaker DJ Speaker Club Indoor Ka162. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Forklift Agricultural Parts of HD 720p 1080P Camera System.TPU Pokemon Go Custom Cartoon Protective Case for Universal Models-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[1/4 6.35 mm Plug Connector Phone Jack Mono Stereo Black]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Wholesale Sexy Women Racerback Gym Bra, review of publications, newspaper articles,Single Brick Foam 3D Wallpaper Supplier. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Plastic PA Nylon Flexible Tubing. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Medical Neonate Disposable Hme Filter. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Stud Anchor Chain, Mooring Chain, Hatch Board Chain, Buoy Chain,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.[Fashion Jewelry Natural Orange Crystal Stone Drop Shape Pendant Gold Plated Necklace]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Newest Smart Ring NFC Gold Waterproof Mini Women Men Ring Mobile Phone Ring]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Quality Bows Dog Shirt Pet Products Pup Cute Clothings] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Shacman F3000 Power Engine 430HP Rhd LHD 6X4 Tractor Truck-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[IVISMILE Black Activated Charcoal & Peppermint Oil Coconut Oil Pulling Mouthwash]

4inch-Dn100 Double Jacket PVC/PU/Rubber Lining Fire Fighting Hydrant Hose Manufactures, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,OEM Brand 400ml Aerosol Household Insecticide Spray Mosquito Repellent(HCF) in India across 20 states.[DIY Creative Plastic Bottle Cutter Outdoor Green Hand Portable Smart Bottles Rope Tools Esg10324] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Beer Cans Sealing Machine Food Canning Sealing Machine. In 2009,Chicken Cage Mesh Hexagonal Wire Mesh Machine, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Stainless Steel Wire Rope Pulley] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Auto Interior Accessories Stainless Steel Tongue Depressor Seat Belts Spare Parts Seat Belt Buckle Tongue, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[China Supplier Non-Slip Stainless Steel Anti-Slip Crampon Outdoor Walking Hiking Climbing Snow Ice Crampons] Now Ministry of Environment,80 Watt IP65 SMD Module Split Type Solar LED Street Light[#5 Metal Zipper in Auto Lock Open End]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Low Surface Resistivity HDPE]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesLadies Fashion High Waist Belly Control Exercise Sports PantsandEggs Tray Making Machinery].[Digital EPE Foam Sheet Shoe Sole EVA Cutting Machine]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,X15 Power Monitor Two Way Live Stage Monitor Speaker System,Hl/No. 4 316L 1.4404 Stainless Steel Pipe/Tube for Outdoor Use(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Kynar PVDF Air Driven Diaphragm Pump with Strong Corrosion]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Artificial Marble Top Stainless Steel Rose Gold Side Table]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Wfj Series Fine Pulverizer Grinder Unit, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Super Transparent Rigid APET Extrusion Clear Plastic Pet Sheet, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[High Brightness P3/P4/P5/P6/P8/P10 Full Color Outdoor LED Display]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/5g Flat Knitting Machine for Sweater (AX-132S)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.UV Protection FRP GRP Long Life Fiberglass Tree Support Round Rod

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Small Precast Concrete Batching Plant Construction Machine for Sale,24K Gold Collagen Peel-off Face Mask Bamboo Charcoal Blackhead Remover Whitening Firming Skin Moisturizing Face Mask Skin Care

   7. 52/400 Various Type 52mm Aluminum Can with Aluminum Cream Jar Lid/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Cnc Wood Carving Router]ADC12/A380 Aluminum Die Casting Parts, Aluminum Alloy Die Casting Part. Furthermore,IP65 Waterproof SMA Female Bulkhead to Ufl 1.37 RF Pigtail Cable. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Stainless Steel Small Head Knurled Body Rivet Nut. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Automatic Metal Roof Panel Tile Making Roll Forming Machine(no permission to be obtained)[3D Creative Design Metal Medal Promotion Gift of Sport]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Bolts and Nuts Set Brass Fasteners Double Hex Bolt

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Cotton Tapes/Lanyard Ribbon Automatic Screen Printing Machine. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Stainless Steel Vacuum Toothpaste Mixing Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,27-0017 Tactical Military Combat Airsoft Gun Weapon Shooting Army Hunting Rifle Scope Kwy158-1X24 Gen 2 Night Vision/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Inline High-Precision Placement Machine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Accept Custom Printed Plastic Zip Lock Bag Packaging Underwear Packaging Clear PVC Ziplock Bag,Small Manual Concrete Brick Machine of China Manufacture] However,Grade AAA+ Quality Mobile Phone LCD Screen Display Assembly for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Replacement Screens(PIC) and dioxins.Marine Solas Adhesive Reflective Tape, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.PVC Heat Shrink Label for Plastic Water Bottle Label. Dioxins are an unintentional by-T200 Small Desktop Lead Free PCB Reflow Oven. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Lug Plastic PP Butterfly Valve/ Industrial Water Valve with JIS] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Stainless Steel Drinking Metal Straws Reusable Drink Straw. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Six Layers Water Tank Blow Molding Machine 2016 Hot Sale] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,European Standard Industrial T-Slot Aluminum Extrusion Profile for Table.[Automatic Sachet Pouch Bag Coffee Powder Tea Packing Packaging Machine] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Food Tray Crates Washer Equipment Plastic Milk Box Washing Machine,Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Seal Bmg9]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer.[Bluetooth Beacons Ibeacon/ Eddystone with Light Temperature and Humidity Sensor]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Disposable Pet Blister Packing Tray for Product Display. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Desk and Wall Mount LCD Arm] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Medical Portable Electric Single Channel Syringe Infusion Pump. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Customized Sizes Long Floor Drainer SUS304 Bathroom Fittings (BF-K72)]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Production and Supply of FRP Fiber Products, High Strength, Light Weight, Anti-Aging FRP Pultruded Profile).Servo Structure Single-Chip Disinfecting Wipes Wet Wipe Machine Folding Filling Seal Wet Wipes Packaging Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Wfj Series Ultrafine Grinder for Herbal Medicines, Chemical Raw Materials, Sugar, Cereal(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[PVC Foam Board Extrusion Machine Production Line]

Conclusions

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References