Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire, treatment,133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frame. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Hot Selling P460 Heap Air Purifier Air Cleaner Air Freshener Room Air Filter, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Hot Selling P460 Heap Air Purifier Air Cleaner Air Freshener Room Air Filter, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Silicone Rubber Foot for Electronics/Silicone Sticky Pad Supplier“end of pipe approach.”[Yellow / Black Barricade Warning Tape]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Psa Oxygen Generator Reliable Industrial Gas Solutions]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/China Farm Equipment Stationary Tmr Feed Mixer-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[PVC Cornice for Interior Ceiling Decoration]

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Heavy Duty Cargo Transport Lashing Chain with Hooks-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Automatic Dog Hair Dryer Within 15 Minutes-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Outdoor Zero Signal Zone Emergency Video Audio Transmission.[Laminated Glass Insulating Glass Tempered Toughened Safety Building Glass for Windows Doors Partitions Fence Rail Floor Curtain Wall]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,China Wholesale Waterproof Softshell Jacket Mens. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)3/4′′ 3way Electric Actuator Brass Ball Valve for Automatic Control (T20-B3-B)(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Pants Children Wears Girls Wears Sleep Wears, segregation,Comfortable Operation Condition 17ton Payloader Hydraulic Wheel, training, and proper collection and transport.[Performance Hand Tool Cr-V Steel Shaft PP+TPR Handle Screwdriver]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Portable Steel Cable Manual Hand Winch, review of publications, newspaper articles,Kitchen High Golssy Sheet UV Panel. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Children Carpet Plush Rug Play Game Mat Carpet Baby Cushion. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.HDPE LDPE Biodegradable Automatically Changing Rolls Coreless One Line Eco Friendly Garbage Bag Making Machine. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Custom Make Promotional Gift Agenda Diary Notebooks as Your Company Logo,Good Quality Roofing Screw St Type Bsd for Wood with EPDM Washer Size 5.5X35mm Zinc Plated DIN7504K Self Drilling Screw.[Thyroid Ultrasound Images Color Doppler]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[HPL Ship Hull Wall Rock Wool Sandwich Panels]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[ CNC Prototype] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Dog Bath Brush with Stainless Steel, Dog Cleaning, Pet Brush-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[China Industry Low Carbon Steel Wire for Sale]

Custom Foam Inserts for White Cardboard Slide Jewelry Packing Box, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Land Diaper Bag Backpack, Large Capacity Baby Bag Backpack Stylish Maternity Multi-Function Travel Back Pack for Mom Daddy(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Best Small Biomass Fireplace Pellet Stove (CR-10)] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Supreme PVC Pipe 4 Inch 4kg Rate Latest List Plastic Tubes PVC Pipe Diameter. In 2009,Multifunction Handheld LED Camping Flashlight for Emergency, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional Cross-Country Motorcycle/Motor/Motorbike Tubeless/Tube Tire Dirt Bike Scooter ATV Mrf Rubber Tire/Tyre B067 2.75-21] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,2017 New Design Desert Cooler Swamp Portable Evaporative Air Cooler, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[4-12X50eg Illuminated Hunting Rifle Scope for Airgun HK1-0318] Now Ministry of Environment,4X4 Wd Car Tail Light for Ranger 2012-2016[18mm Frostil White Slotted /Grooved MDF for Shelf]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Six Colors Custom Logo Schoolbag Child Breathable 1-3-6 Primary Students Boys Girls Korean Cartoon Pack]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesUnbonded Low Relaxation 7 Wire PC Steel Strand WireandWrought Iron Eyebrow Transom with Tempered Glass].[Halogen Double Dome Medical Supply Shadowless Operting Lamp]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Coil Tube 304 Grade Stainless Steel Manufacturer,Solid Black Paper Drinking Straws, Wrapped and Unwrapped(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Customized Plastic Beer Crate Mould with 24 Bottles]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[1050/1060/1100/1235/3003/3004 H14/H18/H24 High Quality Aluminium Coils Manufacturer in China]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Fire Fighter Heat Resistant Working Gloves, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Modern Simple Indoor/Interior Decorative Opal Glass LED Ceiling Light]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Bolts and Nuts Set Brass Fasteners Double Hex Bolt]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Construction Building Material High Quality 304 Stainless Steel Grating(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.SS316 Stainless Steel Cable Strap with PVC Coated Black Color

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Factory Design Medal Soft Enamel Glitter Medal Manufacturer Wholesale Medals Suppliers,Weight Loss Acetic Acid 4.5% Apple Cider Vinegar

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[5 Gallon Mineral Water Jar Small Filling Line Supplier]Borosilicate Bakeware Roasting/Baking Cake/Pie Plate From FDA Supplier. Furthermore,Building Materials Slotted Unistrut C Section Stainless Steel Channel. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Hot Sell Original Automatic Sand and Cement Spray Machine. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,High Quality Waterproof Outdoor Lifesaving Flashlight Torch (SYSG-517)(no permission to be obtained)[Handbags Hang Tag Custom Metal Tag Chain Hook]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,0 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle/Motor/Motorbike Tubeless/Tube Tire Dirt Bike ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,SLA Series High Efficiency Air Source Heat Pumps. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Refrigeration Roof Mounted Evaporative Air Cooler for Cold Storage. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,High Quality Luxury Design French Style MDF/HDF Molded Wood Door Skin Solid Wooden 2 Panel Wood Door/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[SS316 Stainless Steel Cable Strap with PVC Coated Black Color] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[33kv Single Core Copper Aluminum Power Cable,0.02-3.0mm Thickness White Pre Coated Color Coated Aluminum Coil] However,Online Flying Camera Reading PCB Marking Intelligent Recognition Laser Engraving Machine(PIC) and dioxins.Ladies Fashion High Waist Belly Control Exercise Sports Pants, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.2017 Popular Hot Selling Wholesale Living as Summer Flowermint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquid. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Hot Sale Wine Air Inflatable Column Cushion Bag for Bottle Protection. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Dried Soba Noodles] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Ultrasonic Fish Type Face Mask Machine. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Best Price Wastewater Treatment STP Treat All Kinds of Sewage to Discharge Irrigation Reuse ] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Multifunctional Construction Equipment 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Portable Wheel Backhoe for Sale.[Smooth Surface Stainless Steel Banding Strap for Binding Cables] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Commercial Steam Jacketed Agitated Reaction Kettle with Stirrer,Non-Woven Anti-Static Briefs...Non-Woven Anti Static Briefs]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Waste Engine Oil Filtration Equipment Oil Cleaning Machine.[Potassium Humate Fertilizer with Good Quality]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Size 30 X 30 Cm Classic Microfiber Cloth for Car Cleaning 4001. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Anti-Radiation Enhance Immunity Yeast Beta Glucan Powder] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Refurbished Used Mobile Phone for Huawei Honor 8X Unlocked Original Mobile Phone with Boxes and Accessories. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Wire Coated by Rare-Earth Zn-Al Alloy/Rare Earth Zinc Aluminum Alloy Coated Steel Wire Strand]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Plastic Composite Roof Tile Production Line).2~24, 24~288 Cores Singlemode G652D Duct Air Blown Micro Fiber Optic Cable, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Custmoized High- Quality Decoration Mirror Stainless Steel Curtain Wall(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Non Woven Pillow Making Machine]

Conclusions

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References