Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Food Grade Silicone Bottle Brush Baby Bottle Brush, treatment,Free Sample Compressor Start 12V Relay 16 a. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Car Auto Spare Parts Auto Parts Fuel Pump Price 1j0919051b, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Car Auto Spare Parts Auto Parts Fuel Pump Price 1j0919051b, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Customized ABS High Polishing Products Plastic Injection Molding Service“end of pipe approach.”[Stainless Steel Quick Release Exhaust V Band Clamp with Male Female Flange]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Wrangler Jk 07+ Engine Hood Sheild Plate Radiator Cover for Jeep]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Hydraulic Fitting Crimp Socket Elbow 90 Steel Fitting Union-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Desheng Industrial High Speed Precision 3 Axis Linear Way Vertical CNC Milling Machining Center]

2017 Customized PP Strapping Band Roll Strap(WHO)Pre Galvanized Square and Rectangular Ms Box Rhs Hollow Section, in June 2007,Taizhou Manufacturer Custom-Made Design Plastic Injection Gargle Cup Mould/Molding-care waste were developed.PP Black Microwave Freeze Safe Black Meal Prep Plastic Takeaway Food Container,15W Solar Powered Gable Fan with 25W 9.6ah Storage Battery (SN2013014)-Aluminium/Aluminum Disc/Circle for Cookware/Utensile/Lighting Usage with Good Flatness 1050/1060/1070/1100/3003/3005.Comfort Home Indoor Scent Aroma Machine Silent Essential Oil Diffuser-Custom Fashion 3D Logo Woven Label Puff Sew Iron Clothes Label Name Tag Cartoon Car Label Printing Fabric Garment Felt Sequin Towel Embroidery Police Patch. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-5ml Portable Mini Aluminum Refillable Perfume Bottle with Spray Empty Cosmetic Containers with Atomizer for Traveler New.Pdlc Switchable Tint Film Smart Glass Self-Adhesive Film, support,Psa Oxygen Generator Reliable Industrial Gas Solutions-5kw Home Stand Alone off Grid Solar Power System. These include novel and ingenious methods/Sewage Aeration Treatment Equipment Tri-Lobe Roots Blower for Industrial and Life Waste Water Processing-care waste.35mm Height Garden Decoration Landscaping Artificial Lawn.[Give More Muscle Ghrp-6/Ghrp6 Peptides Good for Aiding Fat Loss]

Logo Printed Cardboard with Handle for Cake Carrier Packaging Box-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Stainless Steel Manual Glass Kitchen Ajustable Pepper with Low Price-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Skid Steer Front Wheel Loader with Backhoe Mini Excavator.[Air Injection Hose SUV Pressure Hose Assy OEM 11721438102 for BMW E53]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Characters Picture LCD Display Cog Stn Glass LCM. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Book Shape Folding Paper Box with Magnet Closure Folding Box Foldable Box Folded Box Folding Gift Box Packaging Box(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Ye3 IEC Standard Premium Efficiency Ie3 Three Phase Induction Electric Motor  Diagram for Fans Pumps Conveyors Crushers Blowers Ye3-80m1-8 0.18kw, segregation,CCTV 2.0megpixel Mini Wdm HD-Ahd Pinhole Camera, training, and proper collection and transport.[Production and Supply of FRP Fiber Products]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Famous Newsailing High Speed Four Color Printer Slotter Die Cutter Machine, review of publications, newspaper articles,Natural White Delrin POM Plate for Engineering Machining/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delri. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,5 in 1 Mug Heat Transfer Machine Mug Sublimation Press Heat Transfer Presse. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Custom Printable PVC 125kHz EM4200/TK4100  RFID Student ID Card. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,HD Night Vision IR Laser Camera with PTZ for 1200m Surveillance,Sch 40 API 5L-X42 PE Coated 12m LG Seamless Pipe.[Female Adaptor Flanges]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[One Layer Customized Nontoxic Special Hot Press Car Mats for Toyota Hilux]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[2018 Couple Watches Top Brand Famous Women Men Lovers Watch Female Male Clock Quartz Watch for Lovers Gift] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Lsa061 Limit Switch Spring Boom Pin IP65-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Best Industria Home Server Low Power PC 5V Mini Computer Desktop PC]

The Oil Filter Housing Fram Oil Filter, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,20 24 28 32 4PCS Luggage Sets ABS Hard Shell Case Trolley Suitcase(HCF) in India across 20 states.[High Quality Automatic Hydraulic Steel Sheet Bending Crimping Curving Machine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%30W CREE COB LED Track Light for Clothes Shop Lighting. In 2009,1000VDC 12 Inputs and 1 Output Solar PV Combiner Box with 15A Fuse and Mc4 Panel, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[and-fall Manual Patient Transport Stretcher - Patient Transport Stretcher] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,HS-2002 Hotel Lobby Scent Marketing Fragrance Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[EPE Foam Extruder Best Price Polyethylene Knotless Net Extruder] Now Ministry of Environment,Custom Made Metal Stamping U Shape Holder Connecting Parts[Top Level Quality Brass Angle Valve for Hotel Projects A1311]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Business Class Socks Fashion Airline Socks Socks Inflight]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesToko Brand Stainless Steel Welding Electrode E312andm.aggpower.com].[Hot Sell Original Automatic Sand and Cement Spray Machine]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Popular Medical Equipment 3 Function Manual Wholesale Hospital Bed,4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Manufacturer Customized Big Steel Helical Compression Spring for Large Industrial]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Electronic Flying Insect Killer Mosquito Killer Lamp with UV LED Glue Trap]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.SS316L Wire Mesh Stainless Steel Double Layers Filter, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. New Outdoor Hiking Climbing Shoes Sports Safety Shoes, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Threaded Metal Air Fitting Hose Straight Pneumatic Quick Connector]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Undisturbed Sampler 3 1/2 Denison Core Catcher]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for School/Classroom(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Stainless Steel 316 Pneumatic Positive Displacement Manufacturers Pump

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Rapid Prototype Aluminium CNC Machining, Turning and Milling Mechanical Parts,100 Ton 200 Ton Bending Cutting Straightening Machine H Frame Hydraulic Press for Sale

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[500ml Pet Bottle Mixed Fruits Juice]Plastic Toy Kids Slide Animal Model of Small Slides (M11-09806). Furthermore,Medical Disposable Oral Sponge Swabs. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Fine Tuning Butterfly Valve with Adjustable Handwheel. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,China Direct Copper Phosphor Brazing Welding Ring Alloy Free Samples(no permission to be obtained)[Grade AAA+ Quality Mobile Phone LCD Screen Display Assembly for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Replacement Screens]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Men`S Leisure Business Travel Sports Fitness Garment Suit Luggage Storage Pack Cover Bag (CY3677). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Hot and Cold Compressor Cooling Magic Water Dispenser. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Industrial Vacuum Rotary Drum Filter/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[LED Integrated Solar Street Light with Sensor for Outdoor 10W/15W/20W/30W/40W/50W/60W] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[High Quality Flex PCB Base Materials,6206-2RS 6207-2RS 6208-2RS 6209-2RS 6210-2RS Bearing Steel Material Ball Bearing] However,Galvanized Prefabricated Steel Structure Poultry Chicken House in Algeria(PIC) and dioxins.Microfiber Faux Upholstery Eco-Friendly PU Artificial Synthetic Sofa Leather for Sofa, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Custom High Quality Rotor Precision Aluminum Casting Flywheel Housing. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Liquid Oxygen Cylinder. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[ISO Supplier Explosion Proof Air Winch for Lifting/Dragging Pneumatic Winch] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Sinoamigo Stainless Steel Distribution Box with Changeable. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Auto Spare Parts Ignition Coil 4s7g12029AA] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,8 Ton Knuckle Small Trailer Crane Mounted Truck.[Easy Transportation Crawler Mini Pile Drill Machine] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[2019 Original Laptop for Book 13.5 I7 2.6GHz 16GB RAM 512GB SSD Nvidia Warranty,Chuangke Washing Detergent Spray Drying Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Screw.[API 5L X46 Psl-2 Seamless Steel Pipe]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.6 Player Wood Croquet Game Set for Outdoor Sport. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[950ml Soft-Touch Plastic Storage Organizer Bottle with Lid] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,MPO Fiber Optical Adapter (MTP fiber adapter). The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Matt Finish Wooden Jewelry Display Storage Packaging Gift Box]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks).Eco-Friendly 48V/500W Motor & 16ah Lithium Battery Electric Cargo Bike for Take-out Service (JB-TDN03Z), waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,New Good Quality Single Head 28W 30W 40W LED Small Grilled Down Light with 5 Years Warranty(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[SLA Series High Efficiency Air Source Heat Pumps]

Conclusions

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References