Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Multifunctional Construction Equipment 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Portable Wheel Backhoe for Sale, treatment,Waste Engine Oil Filtration Equipment Oil Cleaning Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Size 30 X 30 Cm Classic Microfiber Cloth for Car Cleaning 4001, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Size 30 X 30 Cm Classic Microfiber Cloth for Car Cleaning 4001, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Refurbished Used Mobile Phone for Huawei Honor 8X Unlocked Original Mobile Phone with Boxes and Accessories“end of pipe approach.”[Microfiber Faux Upholstery Eco-Friendly PU Artificial Synthetic Sofa Leather for Sofa]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Customized A4 Brochure Print A5 Catalog Printing Service Custom Catalogue Instrument Book]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Plastic Composite Roof Tile Production Line-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Visbella Quick Bonded Vinyl Leather Repair Kit /Set for Car]

2~24, 24~288 Cores Singlemode G652D Duct Air Blown Micro Fiber Optic Cable(WHO)Custmoized High- Quality Decoration Mirror Stainless Steel Curtain Wall, in June 2007,Plastic Injection Mould Tooling Manufacturer for Vehicle Accessories-care waste were developed.Food Tray Crates Washer Equipment Plastic Milk Box Washing Machine,F Series 380V 50Hz Hollow Shaft Gearbox with Motor-Bus Truck Car Paint Spray Booth for Sale.Halloween Decoration Battery Operated LED Skull Shaped Pendant String Light-1.5mm Fiber Lens for Laser Cutting Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-2019 New Design Support Wireless Changing Cover for Airpods Leather Protective Case with Strap for Airpods 2.Automatic Biological Bacteria Fermenting Machine, support,2019 Original Laptop for Book 13.5 I7 2.6GHz 16GB RAM 512GB SSD Nvidia Warranty-Spun Concrete Transmission Pole Making Welding Machine. These include novel and ingenious methods/Manual Electric Winch Small Winch 220V Winch-care waste.New Wireless Action Car Recorder Panoramic IP Camera.[Blue Tip Wl20 Thoriated Tungsten Electrode for TIG Soldering]

Desk and Wall Mount LCD Arm-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Customized Logo Outdoor Hanging Swinging Camping Hammock.[Fashion Wholesale Obama Bags PU Leather Travel Card Wallet Passport Badge Holder Lady Coin Purses VIP009]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Hzs90 Ready Mix Concrete Plant Equipment. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)18.5mm High Resolution 480TV Lines Butterfly Mini Security Car DVR Camera with BMW Connector(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Plastic Portable Folding Platform Cart/ Flat Folding Wheel Dolly/ Collapsible Wheel Trolley, segregation,Decor Beautiful Sweet Donut Shop Wall Metal Tin Signs, training, and proper collection and transport.[Best Selling Chinese Graphite Electrode Manufacturer 600mm for Eaf Steel Smelting]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Private Label RFID Anti Thief Purses and Wallets Wholesale with Multifunction Tp190, review of publications, newspaper articles,Customer Design Fashion Unique Souvenir Medal. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Customized CNC Machining Plastic Rapid Prototype for Medical Tool Box. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.750ml Clear Straight Side Round Glass Jar with Screw Lids. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,SBR Round DOT Horse Stall Mat, Rubber Stable Mat,Italian Modern Black Leather Sectional Big Size Sofa.[Poultry Farm Equipment Automatic Layer Hot DIP Galvanized Chicken Cages]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Home Interior Decoration]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Italian Wafer Type Flange Ball Valve] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,2 Inch Professional Audio Loudspeaker DJ Speaker Club Indoor Ka162-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[High Quality Bucket Segment Bolt 5p7665]

Forklift Agricultural Parts of HD 720p 1080P Camera System, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,TPU Pokemon Go Custom Cartoon Protective Case for Universal Models(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Wholesale Sexy Women Racerback Gym Bra. In 2009,Single Brick Foam 3D Wallpaper Supplier, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Professional Design Agitation Tanks] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Plastic PA Nylon Flexible Tubing, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[18.5mm High Resolution 480TV Lines Butterfly Mini Security Car DVR Camera with BMW Connector] Now Ministry of Environment,Medical Neonate Disposable Hme Filter[Book Shape Folding Paper Box with Magnet Closure Folding Box Foldable Box Folded Box Folding Gift Box Packaging Box]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Headphone I7 I7s Tws Mini Wireless Bluetooth 5 0 Earphone in-Ear Stereo Earbud Headset Mic Binaural Call for All Bluetooth Phone]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesNo. 1062 20PCS ToolsandSteel Palisade Fence].[Factory Cheaper Dust Mop Head Wet and Dry Cotton Mop]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Stud Anchor Chain, Mooring Chain, Hatch Board Chain, Buoy Chain,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Bathroom Steam Shower Cabin Wet Room]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Shacman F3000 Power Engine 430HP Rhd LHD 6X4 Tractor Truck, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Newbrand Disposable Cup Shape Face Mask with Valve Machine Equipment in China]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/OEM Brand 400ml Aerosol Household Insecticide Spray Mosquito Repellent(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Beer Cans Sealing Machine Food Canning Sealing Machine

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,80 Watt IP65 SMD Module Split Type Solar LED Street Light,X15 Power Monitor Two Way Live Stage Monitor Speaker System

   7. Hl/No. 4 316L 1.4404 Stainless Steel Pipe/Tube for Outdoor Use/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Mayflay Q37 Shot Blasting Machine Cleaning Equipment Replace Type Top Quality]Wfj Series Fine Pulverizer Grinder Unit. Furthermore,Super Transparent Rigid APET Extrusion Clear Plastic Pet Sheet. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,5g Flat Knitting Machine for Sweater (AX-132S). In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,UV Protection FRP GRP Long Life Fiberglass Tree Support Round Rod(no permission to be obtained)[2017 Popular Hot Selling Wholesale Living as Summer Flowermint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquid]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Compact Cylinder Ace Type Aluminum Material Cylinder Tube

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Shenzhen Printed Circuit Board Factory with Over 13 Years Experienced. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve NPT Thread. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Nodular Iron Qt400-15 Flow Control Valve Casting Part/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Quality Cotton Dyed Embroidery Thick Bath Towel Hotel Towel Swimming Towel] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Custom Printable PVC 125kHz EM4200/TK4100  RFID Student ID Card,100% Water Soluble Fertilizer NPK Fertilizers] However,99% Purity Peptides Powder Epitalon/Epithalon (10mg/Vial) 307297-39-8 for Anti Aging(PIC) and dioxins.Semi Automatic Granule Spice Tea Soybean Nuts Seeds Fertilizer Weigh Filling Bagging Packing Machine, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Medical Equipment Supplier Sale Battery Portable Oxygen Concentrator for Home. Dioxins are an unintentional by-2019 Hot Selling Paper Packaging Chocolate Box. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Eva Foam Sheets Philippines] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,12V Car Oscillating Fan with Clip 90 Degree Rotation. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Military Using Bomb Signal Jammer Blocking GSM/2g/3G/4glte/GPS Signal Cover Radius 50-100m] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Yg6, Yg8 Solid Tungsten Carbide Rod in Length 10-330 mm.[Black Slim PU Leather Passport Travel Wallet] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Mobile Domestic Wastewater Treatment Complete Sludge Site Dewatering System Unit,Hot Sell Square Transparent Glass Candle Holders Cup]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.3 Layers Rigid-Flexible PCB Board.[Film Blowing Machine for PP (polypropylene) Strain Bag Chsj--40/45/50/60f]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Stainless Steel Vacuum Toothpaste Mixing Machine. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Industrial Vacuum Rotary Drum Filter] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,27-0017 Tactical Military Combat Airsoft Gun Weapon Shooting Army Hunting Rifle Scope Kwy158-1X24 Gen 2 Night Vision. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[2019 Hot Sales Duplicator Garage Door Opener Keychain]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Grade AAA+ Quality Mobile Phone LCD Screen Display Assembly for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Replacement Screens).Marine Solas Adhesive Reflective Tape, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,PVC Heat Shrink Label for Plastic Water Bottle Label(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Carbon Ss400 Farm Gates 1.5 Inch Galvanized Steel Pipe Price Per Meter]

Conclusions

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References