Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Pleated Water Filter Cartridge Filter Water for Water Filter Housing, treatment,Marble Look Stone Textures Aluminum Sandwich Panel. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Hi Vis Polyester Rainbow Reflective Fabric Clothing Fashion Jackets, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Hi Vis Polyester Rainbow Reflective Fabric Clothing Fashion Jackets, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Mirror Polished Auto Brand Car Logo Sign for Toyota“end of pipe approach.”[Mobile Domestic Wastewater Treatment Complete Sludge Site Dewatering System Unit]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Hot Sell Square Transparent Glass Candle Holders Cup]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Ce Certificated 20W/50W/80W/100W/120W Outdoor All in One Integrated LED Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery & Motion Senor-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Industrial Vacuum Rotary Drum Filter]

Wholesale 100% Polyester Unstructured Custom 5 Panel Snapback Cap(WHO)Laser Engraving Machine Fiber Laser Marking System, in June 2007,Single Side Lapped Polisher Machine Supply by Manufacturer for Optics Substrate Silicone Carbide-care waste were developed.Headphone I7 I7s Tws Mini Wireless Bluetooth 5 0 Earphone in-Ear Stereo Earbud Headset Mic Binaural Call for All Bluetooth Phone,Vertical Automatic Computer Control Slitting Rewinding Machine for Plastic Film-Custom Sizes Pet Food Packaging with Zipper.Commercial Electric Taiwan Snow Ice Shaver Machine-128 Spindles Wire Braiding Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Single Sphere Flexible Rubber Joint.950ml Soft-Touch Plastic Storage Organizer Bottle with Lid, support,Non-Programmable Heat Pump Heating Thermostat-High Efficient Disinfection with Low Price N-Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride. These include novel and ingenious methods/disc aluminum 1050 1100 1060 3003-care waste.Stainless Steel Socket Welded Flange.[Hand Hammered Thick Solid Copper Turkish Coffee Pot Large]

Small Canned Peach Process Plant-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Mini CO2 CNC Laser Cutting and Engraving Machine for Wood Acrylic MDF Paper-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,High Temperature Resistant Fiberglass Needle-Punched Felts.[2019 Hot Sales Duplicator Garage Door Opener Keychain]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Performance Hand Tool Cr-V Steel Shaft PP+TPR Handle Screwdriver. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)High Speed Centrifugal Spray Drier (LPG-200)(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.MID Clamp/End Clamp/ Base/ Holder/ Connector of Solar PV Mounting System, segregation,Personalized and Customized Fracturing Acidification Clay Stabilizer, training, and proper collection and transport.[Wholesale 20mm 100% Nylon Hook and Loop Tape]

Automatic Sachet Pouch Bag Coffee Powder Tea Packing Packaging Machine. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,500ml/1000ml Clear Kombucha Beverage Cold Brew Coffee Glass Bottle.High Voltage 20kv 22kv 24kv Dry Type Isolation Transformer Price-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[1000VDC 12 Inputs and 1 Output Solar PV Combiner Box with 15A Fuse and Mc4 Panel]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.High Power Digital Ultrasonic Plastic Soldering Equipment for Filter Bag Welding, review of publications, newspaper articles,Ready Made Prefabricated House (pH-86). The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Trisun 560d Mechanical Seal Aesseal Nok Eagle ED560. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Factory Direct Supply Breathable Stripe Tc Shirt Cotton Fabric Material. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Anti-Corrosion Anti-Skid FRP Floor Moulded Grating 38*38*25mm Manufacture,Agricultural Machinery Manure and Urine Solid-Liquid Separator Manure Dewatering Machine.[Foton Auman Lorry Truck with Cummins Engine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Adjustable Grooming Table]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Marine Solas Adhesive Reflective Tape] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Galvanized Scaffold Thread Tie Rod for Formwork Construction-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Stainless Steel Quick Release Exhaust V Band Clamp with Male Female Flange]

Warm Breathable Windproof Waterproof Polyester Taslon Outdoor Jacket for Winter, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Drinking Mineral Water Filling Machine/Water Bottling Plant(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Wrangler Jk 07+ Engine Hood Sheild Plate Radiator Cover for Jeep] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Automatic Dry Food Weighing Pillow Packing Machine with 2 Weighers. In 2009,Carbon Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Fiber Laser CNC Cutting Machine, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[12-63mm PVC Pipe Extrusion Making Machine (SJSZ)] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,6X15watt RGBW LED Wash Beam Moving Head Light, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Desheng Industrial High Speed Precision 3 Axis Linear Way Vertical CNC Milling Machining Center] Now Ministry of Environment,Dn15-20 horizontal type piston R315 China water meter[Air Injection Hose SUV Pressure Hose Assy OEM 11721438102 for BMW E53]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Lambo Door Kits for Sale]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesProduction and Supply of FRP Fiber Productsand12v 9ch Pcb Circuit Boards].[Customized Size Aluminum Screen Printing Frames]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,KW5701 Ultrasonic Rainbow Night Light Humidifier Aroma Diffuser,8 Bar Tunnel Driving Air Compressor Portable Explosion-proof Screw Compressor(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[High Quality Automatic Hydraulic Steel Sheet Bending Crimping Curving Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[EPE Foam Extruder Best Price Polyethylene Knotless Net Extruder]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Sinotruk HOWO Steyr Truck Spare Parts Cylinder Liner (Vg1500010344), CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Best Industria Home Server Low Power PC 5V Mini Computer Desktop PC, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Top Level Quality Brass Angle Valve for Hotel Projects A1311]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Business Class Socks Fashion Airline Socks Socks Inflight]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/2019top Sale Textile Machine Parts High Perforamance Hearing Aids Induction Coil(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Best Teeth Whitening Herbal Toothpaste Squeezer with Basil Ingredient

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,16 Ton Tyre Asphalt Roller XP163 Pneumaric Roller,Scan Shield RFID Blocking Card, Credit Card Protector

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Cnc Fiber Metal Laser Cutting Machine]High Voltage Relay for New Energy Vehicle. Furthermore,Ppopular Glass Coffee Table Desig for Wholesale. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Custom Printed/Embossed White Earring Packaging Card. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Transparent Plastic PVC Playing Cards with Aluminium Box(no permission to be obtained)[Toko Brand Stainless Steel Welding Electrode E312]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Mini High Borosilicate Glass Essential Oil Bottle with Meatal Dropper

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Custom Size Data Strip for Supermarket Shelves. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,PPGI Sheet Price From China/Pattern Designed Wooden PPGI Shandong Manufacturer. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Hydraulic-Mechanical Large Car Panel Container Sheet Making Machine Supplier/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Hot Sell Original Automatic Sand and Cement Spray Machine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Cog 128*64 Display Graphic Type FSTN Positive Monochrome LCD, Keychain] However,Textile Ssa Na2so4 Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous 99% pH6-8(PIC) and dioxins.Wisdom Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Cap Lamp/LED Lighting, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.925 Sterling Silver Tree Design Wedding Party Cubic Zircon Long Hanging Drop Earring. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Semi-Automatic Shopping Bag Gift Bag Machine Handbag Machine Paper Bagging Machine Zb50b-2. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[11kv 22kv 1250kVA 3 Phase Distribution Electrical Power Transformer] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,White Polyester Heat Preservation Packing and Shipping Wool Painter Felt. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Customized Strong Neodymium Rare Earth NdFeB Permanent Magnet] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Small Electric DC Motor High Speed Electrical DC Motor.[Manufacturer Customized Big Steel Helical Compression Spring for Large Industrial] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Electronic Flying Insect Killer Mosquito Killer Lamp with UV LED Glue Trap,Threaded Metal Air Fitting Hose Straight Pneumatic Quick Connector]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.High Output Rice and Corn Food Milling Grinder Machines.[Clw 2 Tons Truck-Mounted Crane]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Waste Paperboard Hydraulic Pressing and Strapping Machine with ISO 9001. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Undisturbed Sampler 3 1/2 Denison Core Catcher] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Polyester Flat Yarn Sleeve. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Grade AAA+ Quality Mobile Phone LCD Screen Display Assembly for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Replacement Screens]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (30.5cc Popular Powerful Petrol Brush Cutter (TT-BC305)).60t/H Asphalt Mixing Equipment, Road Construction Machinery, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,High Capacity Nonwoven Machinery Glue Free Padding Wadding Machine Line for Jacket Lining Fabric Polyester Fiber Thermal Bonded Wadding Roll Making Stiff Plant(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[LED Integrated Solar Street Light with Sensor for Outdoor 10W/15W/20W/30W/40W/50W/60W]

Conclusions

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References