Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Glass Double Layer Water 320ml Bottle with Stainless Steel Lids, treatment,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Party Supplies School Gift Kid Toy Education Wholesale Yiwu Market Agent (P4081), recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Party Supplies School Gift Kid Toy Education Wholesale Yiwu Market Agent (P4081), reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Biogas Scrubber/Pre-Treatment System/Desulphurization System“end of pipe approach.”[Fiber Laser Tube Cutting Machine with Stable Optical Transition]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[ Large Capacity Baby Bag Backpack Stylish Maternity Multi-Function Travel Back Pack for Mom Daddy]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/G06p21L Newly Design Hanging Wheel 304 Stainless Steel Sliding Glass Frameless Shower Screen-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[SBR Round DOT Horse Stall Mat]

Bathroom Steam Shower Cabin Wet Room(WHO)Maize Starch Making Machine Corn Flour Processing Line Centrifugal Sieve Machine Starch, in June 2007,Light Gauge Stainless Steel Reducing Tee for Water System-care waste were developed.Fashion Anti Silver Handmade Round and Natural Turquoise Stone Pendant Necklace,13oz Printable Banner/PVC Flex Banner/Advertising Material-RFID Plastic Dual Frequency Card with F08 S50 Tk4100 Chip.Desheng Industrial High Speed Precision 3 Axis Linear Way Vertical CNC Milling Machining Center-3500lbs Weld on Sidewinder Adjustable Tube Trailer Jack. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Pneumatic Stainless Steel Tri-Clamp End Angle Seat Valve.21FT Aluminium Cuddy Cabin Fishing Boat, support,Sc-Sc Simplex Multi-Mode Fiber Optic Adapter-4X2 P5 Full Color LED Mobile Billboard Truck Mobile Stage Truck. These include novel and ingenious methods/High-Tenacity Conveyor Belt/ Steel Cord Conveyor Belt-care waste.Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′.[Industrial Usage Screw Yam Potato Carrot Peeler Root Vegetable Washer]

Plane UV Coating Curing Machine UV Dryer for Plastic and Paper Drying-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Hot Sale 316L Steel Necklace Owl Shape Pendant Necklace Fashion Jewelry-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Machine Manufacturers & Suppliers Sales Standard Pneumatic Used Sandblaster for Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Precise Steel Casting Pumps Cleaning with Control.[Coil Loose Leaf Kraft Cover A5 Notebook Custom Logo]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,UHP Graphite Electrode for Arc Furnaces. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)OEM (0928400627 0928400768 928400617 928400481) Fuel Pressure Regulator Metering Valve for Ford Citroen Peugeot(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.1/2 Car Repairing Pneumatic Impact Wrench, segregation,Tesa 4965 Multiple Color Strip Lights SMD LED Strip, training, and proper collection and transport.[Yellow / Black Barricade Warning Tape]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Computerized Industrial Shuttle Making Machines Pillows, review of publications, newspaper articles,New Design Sports Gym Cheap Custom Logo Stainless Steel Protein Shaker Bottle. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Kraft Paper Charcoal Packing Bag. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Reflective Materials Fabric with High Tensity. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Roll up High Quality Luxury Comfort Spring Mattress,Pn10/Pn16 Cast Ductile Iron Automatic Single/Double Ball Air Release Valve.[Hot Selling Medium Concentration 10ml Plastic Bottle Fruit E Liquid Factory Wholesale 30ml E Juice for E-Cig Mod]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[PVC Cornice for Interior Ceiling Decoration]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Laminated Glass Insulating Glass Tempered Toughened Safety Building Glass for Windows Doors Partitions Fence Rail Floor Curtain Wall] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Hot Sale Ball Screw Sfu8010 with Best Quality and Good Price for CNC Machine From China Shac-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Family Use Wood Pellet Cooler with Ce Certification]

Piggery Accessory/Farm Pig/Sow/Piglet Accessories for Poultry Farm, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,CNC New Design/Drawing Rapid Prototyping Model, CNC Prototype, Prototype Machining(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Performance Hand Tool Cr-V Steel Shaft PP+TPR Handle Screwdriver] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%6206-2RS 6207-2RS 6208-2RS 6209-2RS 6210-2RS Bearing Steel Material Ball Bearing. In 2009,Indoor Rental LED Display for Stage Show, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Suspended Ceiling T Bar System/ T Grid] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Customized Waterproof Backpack Canvas Laptop Bag, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Custom Cosmetic Airless Empty Packaging Plastic Acrylic Boby Lotion Spray Pump Serum Bottle] Now Ministry of Environment,Bar Chair New Design Bar Stool Bar Chair Bar Talbe Bar Stools[HPL Ship Hull Wall Rock Wool Sandwich Panels]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [ CNC Prototype]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesChina Industry Low Carbon Steel Wire for SaleandMechanical Filter Element Hc9901fdt13h Hydraulic Oil Filter].[Best Small Biomass Fireplace Pellet Stove (CR-10)]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Italian Wafer Type Flange Ball Valve,Tactical Military Flashlight Waterproof Ipx7 Multi-Function Ultra Lightweight Flashlight HK15-0127(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Unbonded Low Relaxation 7 Wire PC Steel Strand Wire]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Halogen Double Dome Medical Supply Shadowless Operting Lamp]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Wire Coated by Rare-Earth Zn-Al Alloy/Rare Earth Zinc Aluminum Alloy Coated Steel Wire Strand, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 2019 Summer Fresh Landscaping Turf Lawn, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Party Supplies School Gift Kid Toy Education Wholesale Yiwu Market Agent (P4081)]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[High Quality PE Pipe Production Line/PE Gas Water-Supply Pipe]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Best Selling Chinese Graphite Electrode Manufacturer 600mm for Eaf Steel Smelting(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.GSM Series Antenna Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Cellphone Display for Huawei Mate20PRO,4 Aluminum Body and Stainless Steel Pin, Bushing Weld on Bullet Hinge

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Shenzhen Fr4 PCB]Aluminum Chlorohydrate Liquid (ACH) for Water Treatment. Furthermore,Customized Size Aluminum Screen Printing Frames. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,3000W Pure Sine Wave Inverter. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Plastic Sunlight PC Hollow Sheet / PP PE Extrusion Production Line(no permission to be obtained)[Large Damping Compression Spring with Black Helix (10*89*177*7.5)]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Solar Panel System off-Grid PV Solar Systems 5kw for Home Power Energy System

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,High Safety Hydraulic Elevating Work Platform Scissor Lift Table for Picking up. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Custom Size Packaging Box for Cosmetic. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Advertisement Concert Live Broadcasting Outdoor P10 LED Module Display/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Customized Plastic Beer Crate Mould with 24 Bottles] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[1050/1060/1100/1235/3003/3004 H14/H18/H24 High Quality Aluminium Coils Manufacturer in China,Modern Simple Indoor/Interior Decorative Opal Glass LED Ceiling Light] However,North American Panasonic AC Compressor Dealer (5PS102UB/5PS102UD/5PS108UA/5PS118UB)(PIC) and dioxins.304 Stainless Steel 14mesh Window Security Screens, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.3A 5A 13A UK Plug Black White Transparent Colour. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Professional Digital Power Amplifier Fp 20000q Cheapest 4 Channels AMP. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Industry Grade Ferrous Sulfate Monohydrate] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Network Unshielded UTP CAT6A 24 Ports 1u Toolless Patch Panel. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Bolts and Nuts Set Brass Fasteners Double Hex Bolt] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Hot Selling Fishing, Camping Leisure Tent.[Handbags Hang Tag Custom Metal Tag Chain Hook] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[SS316 Stainless Steel Cable Strap with PVC Coated Black Color,33kv Single Core Copper Aluminum Power Cable]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.5 Inch 30W High Power Aluminum COB LED Down Ceiling Spotlight Light.[China Products]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Plastic Caps Mould for Edible Oil. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[0.02-3.0mm Thickness White Pre Coated Color Coated Aluminum Coil] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Insulated Glass Curtain Walls Accessories Toughened. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Best Price Wastewater Treatment STP Treat All Kinds of Sewage to Discharge Irrigation Reuse ]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Non Woven Pillow Making Machine).4000W High Power Fiber Laser Cutting Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Paper Hangtag Hang Tag Display Card for Garment(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Smooth Surface Stainless Steel Banding Strap for Binding Cables]

Conclusions

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References