Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)European Standard Industrial T-Slot Aluminum Extrusion Profile for Table, treatment,China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Disposable Pet Blister Packing Tray for Product Display, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Disposable Pet Blister Packing Tray for Product Display, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Medical Portable Electric Single Channel Syringe Infusion Pump“end of pipe approach.”[Hydraulic Tipping Mini Dumper 500kgs Used for Farm Work or Construction Works]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[New Design High-Strength Prefabricated Steel Structure Stadium]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Production and Supply of FRP Fiber Products, High Strength, Light Weight, Anti-Aging FRP Pultruded Profile-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[America 12V 4pin Blade Trailer Plug]

Servo Structure Single-Chip Disinfecting Wipes Wet Wipe Machine Folding Filling Seal Wet Wipes Packaging Machine(WHO)Wfj Series Ultrafine Grinder for Herbal Medicines, Chemical Raw Materials, Sugar, Cereal, in June 2007,Laser Protective Lens for Fiber Laser Cutting Machine/Raytool/ Precitec Cutting Head-care waste were developed.5mm Silver Defogging Dimming LED Bathroom Mirror with Touch Screen Lighting Bluetooth Mic,Dental Hospital China Wholesale Soft Dentist/Doctor Stool (TJHS-1-Plus)-3D Creative Design Metal Medal Promotion Gift of Sport.Grade a Highest Efficiency Yingli BS OHSAS Yge 12bb Mbb 60 Cell 285W Poly Solar Cell for House Use with Best Price in Egypt-110t Jh25 Series Double Crank Sheet Metal Stamping Press with Balance Cylinder. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-I Shape 32mm Polyamide Thermal Break Strip for Aluminium Window.Hot Sale Metal Fabric Restaurant Hotel Cafe Banquet Dining Chair, support,Dongfeng Foton Diesel Engine Mini Caravans Motor Homes-China Plastic Moulding Companies. These include novel and ingenious methods/Wholesale Factory Stacking Dining Metal Dining Chair-care waste.Bluetooth Speaker Circuit Board Prototype PCB Assembly.[m.nbgemcharm.com]

Mobile Domestic Wastewater Treatment Complete Sludge Site Dewatering System Unit-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Ziplock Flat Bottom Pouch Biodegradable Coffee Packaging Bag with Valve-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Indoor UTP Cat 6 with Rj 45 Connector Length 20 Meter Cable.[Textile Ssa Na2so4 Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous 99% pH6-8]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,10kw/15kw/20kw/25kw Brine Water Source Heat Pump. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Better Breathe Nasal Strips Nasal Stick(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Beer Festival Transparent Advertising Glass Beer Cups Beer Mugs Cold Water Glass Tea Juice Bottle Thicken Printed Logo, segregation,Orp System Water Treatment Ozone Generator for Swimming Pool, training, and proper collection and transport.[The Oil Filter Housing Fram Oil Filter]

America Style Round Corner Door Hinge. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair.Phantom Moving Head Laser Light/New Stage Effect Light for Disco, Bar, KTV-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Wholesale 300tc Luxury Hotel Quality Cotton 3cm Stripe Bed Linen Duvet Cover/Comforter Cover]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Wholesales 2019 Women Sportswear Workout Fitness Gym Active Wear Legging Sets, review of publications, newspaper articles,Bto 22 Low Price Concertina Razor Barbed Wire. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Type S 3′′bsp Surelock Quick Connect Air Couplings. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.100% Silk Sleep Mask for a Full Night′s Sleep / Comfortable & Super Soft Eye Mask with Adjustable Strap / Works with Every Nap Position. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Acrylic with Vinyl Face Letter Sign, LED Back Light Sign,Professional Custom Camouflage Military Uniforms Black Acu T/C 65/35 Army Combat Uniform.[Us Type Sliding Winch Truck]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Heat Treated Welding Protection Glassfiber Cloth Ht800]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Commercial Electric Taiwan Snow Ice Shaver Machine] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,USP/BP Standard magnesium sulphate monohydrate-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Surface Mount LED Gas Station Light 60W-180W]

Batch Peanut Frying Machine Chicken Deep Fryer Meat Ball Fryer, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Sport Fan Acrylic Knitted Jacquard Soccer Football Scarf(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Hot Steam Eye SPA Heat Pad Mask] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Toko Brand Stainless Steel Welding Electrode E312, E316L. In 2009,Promotional Gifts Good Quality Silk Sleep Eye Masks Eye Shade, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Core In Injection Molding Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Wholesale Custom-Made Blank Portable Cotton Handbags, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Empty Aluminum Cans Sleek 355ml for Beverage Packing] Now Ministry of Environment,Birch Basswood Laser Cut Plywood Board for Crafts[Stainless Inox Escalator Decorative Panel 304 Grade Brushed Stainless Steel Sheet with 7 PVC Film]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [10mm Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Price]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesChina Wholesale Waterproof Softshell Jacket MensandSmall Mini Sample 5ml Blue Glass Roll on Bottle Glass Roller Ball Bottles].[Galvanized Scaffold Thread Tie Rod for Formwork Construction]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Cosmetic Grade Chrome Oxide Green,Custom Cartoon Kids ABS Hard Case Luggage Print Children Suitcase(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Factory Direct Supply 4 Inch Schedule 40 Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Dn80 ISO Awwa ASME Remote Control Pneumatic Cast Iron Steel SS304 SS316 Center Line Wafer Butterfly Valve]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Heavy Type Stainless Steel Slip Hook, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Medical Tp Syphilis Rapid Test Kit, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[316L & 304 Stainless Steel Metal Plates]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Wd190V Security Metal Detector Hand Held Explosive Metal Detector]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/CNC Aluminum Machinery Parts Customized Aluminum Parts Blue Anodized Aluminum Mechanics Parts CNC Machining Factory(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Waterproof PP synthetic Thermal Paper

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,2.5 Inch 304 Stainless Steel Pipe Price with ISO Certificate,China Ice Lolly Machine / Commercial Ice Lolly Making Machine

   7. Auto Racing 1 Switch Panels Red Cover Toggle Switch 12V 20A Racing Ignition Switch Panel Engine Start Push Button 2 in 1 Toggle Ignition Switch Panel/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[6-Tooth Outdoor Snow Silicone Anti-Skid Crampons]En12150, Bsi, SGCC, Csi Certificated, 3 to 19mm with Customized Pattern Tempered Silkscreen Glass Manufacturer. Furthermore,Biodegradable Stand up Snack Food Packaging Plastic Paper Bags with Zipper. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Phosphoric Acid Brand in China for Food Grade. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Women Home Gym Fitness of Alaia Curve Legging Yoga Pant(no permission to be obtained)[Diesel Engine Lubricating Oil Dky176]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Horizontal Island Freezer for Frozen Food

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,PF Series Hydraulic Impact Stone/Rock/Aggregate Breaker. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Solid Waste Bin Axle/Axis for Trash Can. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Precise Industrial Cable Terminal PVC Female Adaptor Wire Harness Connector/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[4 Inch Resin Bond Abrasive Cutting Disc for Stainless Steel and Inox] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Food Sugar Liquid Spice Detergent Powder Packing Machine,China Wholesale Hidden 170 Degree 1080P Ahd/Tvi/Cvi/CVBS Surveillance Car DVR Camera] However,Car Seat Cover Universal Size Polyester Seat Cover Ad029(PIC) and dioxins.Rubber Gym Floor /Sports Rubber Tile, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Hot Rolled A3 Mild Steel Plates (Q235A, Q235B, Q235C, Q235D). Dioxins are an unintentional by-1oz 30ml Essential Oil Dropper Glass Bottle Amber Tincture Bottle Cosmetic Packaging. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Corrugated Drain Pipe High Quality Supplier] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Pultrusion Flat Bar FRP (GH B001). In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Indoor Rental LED Display for Stage Show] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Kynar PVDF Air Driven Diaphragm Pump with Strong Corrosion.[Automatic Online Small Packages Check Weigher Machine/Weight Checker with Rejector] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Sinotruk HOWO Steyr Truck Spare Parts Cylinder Liner (Vg1500010344),Automatic High Speed Folding & Gluing Machine for Corrugated Carton Box]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Empty Atomizer Refillable Perfume Travel Spray Bottle Glass & Aluminum Mini.[1.0 2.0 3.0mm Gold Brush Coated Aluminum Sheet for ACP]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Microfiber Hanging Hand Towel for Xmas Decor. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Translucent Stone Agate Slab Resin Panel for Wall Covering] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Wholesale 5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Glass Cobalt Essential Oil Bottle. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Fiberglass Mesh Filter for Castings]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (China 12V 175ah Power Storage Gel Battery - Slim Power Storage).Excavator Engine Part Cobelco Hydraulic Pump Wire Harness for Sk-8, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Wc67K 300t 3200 China Press Brake Machine, 300 Ton Hydraulic Nc Press Brake(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[AISI D3 Cold Work Tool Steel]

Conclusions

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References