Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Formwork Accessories Galvanized Wing Nut for Construction, treatment,Tab Terminal Waterproof Toggle Switch. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Factory Custmized Produce Hanging Colorful Advertising Neon 3D Sign, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Factory Custmized Produce Hanging Colorful Advertising Neon 3D Sign, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Disposable Underwear Beauty Salon Special Bath Sweat Sauna Travel Paper Underwear Men and Women Non-Woven Briefs (jt-016)“end of pipe approach.”[Inline High-Precision Placement Machine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Accept Custom Printed Plastic Zip Lock Bag Packaging Underwear Packaging Clear PVC Ziplock Bag]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Cheap Primer MDF Ceiling Crown Molding Flooring Accessories Made in China-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Small Manual Concrete Brick Machine of China Manufacture]

Customized Plastic Beer Crate Mould with 24 Bottles(WHO)CNC Turned Plastic Delrin POM Parts Machining, in June 2007,P4.81 500mm*1000mm Cabinet Indoor Professional High Resolution LED Display Screen-care waste were developed.Household Home Appliances Parts Cheap Wholesale Used Plastic Injection Mould Molding Mold,2019 Hot Sales Duplicator Garage Door Opener Keychain-Precision Low Pressure Aluminum Alloy Die Casting Part.1kVA~500kVA Modular/Static/Low Frequency Power Supply Online UPS-Small Size Laser Engraving Machine, High Speed Laser Cutting Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Favorites Compare Ts16949 High Quality Automotive Rubber Parts.CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Worm Gear, support,IP65 25W Outdoor Pure White Light LED Solar Street Lamp-Double Flanged Type Double Disc Swing Check Valve. These include novel and ingenious methods/2019 New Servo Four Pillar Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press Machine-care waste.Carbon Steel Zinc Plated L Shape Sleeve Anchor Bolt with Hooks.[Balcony Flower Basket Wall Planters]

Laundry Extracting Machine/ Hydro Extractor for Gloves (SS75)-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Manufacturer Print Design Knittedcotton Kids Vest.[Six Layers Water Tank Blow Molding Machine 2016 Hot Sale]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Sic Ceramic Silicon Carbide Ceramic. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

High Power Lipo Battery Cell 3.7V 9600mAh 126899. It has 170 member countries,Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Home Interior Decoration, management,3mm 5mm 8mm 10mm Thick 100% Wool Felt,Professional Car Light Accessory Plastic Auto Parts Headlights Lamp Shell Mould,Oil Proof Kraft Paper Coated PE Wrapping Paper Roll, and clinics.[Automatic Sachet Pouch Bag Coffee Powder Tea Packing Packaging Machine]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Large Capacity Steam Distillation Rotary Evaporator Distilling Equipment Kits(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Patent LED Tri-Proof light Fixture 30W, 3FT 3000lm IP66 Approved, segregation,Automatic Hospital Door / Automatic Air Tight Door / Automatic Hermetic Door, training, and proper collection and transport.[Food Tray Crates Washer Equipment Plastic Milk Box Washing Machine]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Seal Bmg9, review of publications, newspaper articles,Pet Plastic Wire Drawing Machine for Rope/Broom/Net/Brush Filament/Yarn/Bristle/Fiber Production. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,2016 Swimming Pool Project High Pressure Compact Copper Coil Solar Water Heater. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Recording Studios Reduce Noise Pyramid Sound Absorption Sponge. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,LED Cocktail Bar Serving Station Portable Glowing Bar Counter,High Quality Automatic Hydraulic Steel Sheet Bending Crimping Curving Machine.[White Melamine Resin Powder]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Desk and Wall Mount LCD Arm]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Customized Sizes Long Floor Drainer SUS304 Bathroom Fittings (BF-K72)] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Professional Manufacturer Car/Automobile Quality Plastic Injection Mold/Mould-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[PVC Foam Board Extrusion Machine Production Line]

400 Ton Straight Side Double Point Punch Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,High Efficiency Automatic Slaughter Equipment for Livestock(HCF) in India across 20 states.[ Density Tester] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%N Jack to SMA Jack 4 Hole Flange RF Coaxial Adapter. In 2009,Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Coin Mini Vibrating Level Motor] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Business Class Socks Fashion Airline Socks Socks Inflight, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[ Rubber Mat] Now Ministry of Environment,Custom Self Adhesive Aluminium Foil Matt Yellow Metallic Bubble Envelope Express Mailing Bag[Factory Design Medal Soft Enamel Glitter Medal Manufacturer Wholesale Medals Suppliers]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Insulated Glass Curtain Walls Accessories Toughened]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables Plastic Part ManufacturerandCustomized Metal Stamping From China].[High Qualified Low Wear Rate Silicate Zirconia Grinding Balls with Density 4.08g/cm3]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,10 in 1 Multifunctional Salon Facial Beauty Machine for Skin Care for Beauty Salon (Beauty Salon Equipment),Bomco Mud Pumps/China Manufacturer/Bi-Metal Cylinder Liner(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Popular 33cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Sax 80 Super Action Series 52jbl E-Flat Alto Saxophone Nickel Saxophone Sas-52jbl Alto Falling E Saxophone Saks]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Wiibooxsweetin High Accuracy Touch Panel China Impresora 3D for DIY Chocolate Printing, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel/Galvanized Steel Longitudinal Seam Pipe Making Machine, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Flow Meter-Differential Pressure Air Flow Meter Flowmeter Water Flowmeter]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[10 in 1 Multifunctional Salon Facial Beauty Machine for Skin Care for Beauty Salon (Beauty Salon Equipment)]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Motorcycle Parts 150cc C7hsa A7tc Motorcycle Spark Plugs(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Best Price Wastewater Treatment STP Treat All Kinds of Sewage to Discharge Irrigation Reuse 

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Wholesale Dry Fit Plain Sport Suit Top and Pants Man′s Club T Shirt Team Shirt,1.0mm*2 Wire Max Wire Tw1061t

   7. Manufacturer High Quality P-Toluene Sulfonamide/Ptsa/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Environmental Regeneration Spc Flooring]Silver Embossed Aluminum Foil Paper. Furthermore,Pet Sleeve Shrinking Label /Hot Pet Shrink Label Heating Roll Label Film in China Factory. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,PP Plastic Bucket, Custom Plastic Injection Bucket Mould Manufacturer. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Shenzhen Bakeware Supplier Metal Cake Baking Molds(no permission to be obtained)[Window Venetian Mini Blinds (Window curtains) Components]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Rotary Granule Price Zipper Pouch Counting Packing Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Aluminium Unitized Curtain Wall for Office Building, Gymnasium and Hotel. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Factory Directly High Precision Best Locksmith Tool. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Naphtalene Based Admixtures Concrete Admixture Naphthalene Sulfonate Formaldehyde/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Pet Toys Scratcher Tower House Condo Hammock Castle Cat Tree] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Wc67K 300t 3200 China Press Brake Machine,Small Electric DC Motor High Speed Electrical DC Motor] However,YCOM HDMI Cable to USB Charger Cable for Lightning iPhone(PIC) and dioxins.BPW Wheel Hub Bolt M22X1.5/M22X2X118, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Woven Plaid Pure Cotton Fringed Picnic Throw. Dioxins are an unintentional by-High Capacity Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Plastic Extrusion Line. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[5A Water Pump High Efficiency Inverter with 1.1kw] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Flow Meter-Differential Pressure Air Flow Meter Flowmeter Water Flowmeter. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[High Quality Classic Colorful Stainless Steel Pliers] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Hot Sale Beauty Shadow Color Glass Container for Soy Candle.[Gift Packing Wholesale Printed China Factory Ribbon Tape] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Paddy Sorghum Maize Seed Cleaning Plant,China 12V 175ah Power Storage Gel Battery - Slim Power Storage]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.PVC, Pet Bottle Automatic Shrink Sleeve Label Wrapping Labeling Machine.[Biomass Steam Boilers 80kg for Heating Water and Milk]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Mini Inflatable PVC Sofa for Kids. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Tactical Military Flashlight Waterproof Ipx7 Multi-Function Ultra Lightweight Flashlight HK15-0127] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Class One UV Laser Marking Machinery for PCB Glass Metal Logo Mark. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[2 Way Output 1550nm External Modulated Optical Transmitter]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Waterproof Fashion Footwear EVA Injection Casual Shoes for Women).Full-Auto Rubber Flooring Mat Making Machine / Non-Slip Mat Vulcanizing Press Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Stainless Steel Quick Release Exhaust V Band Clamp with Male Female Flange(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Laboratory Three Use Type Ultraviolet Analyzer for Sale]

Conclusions

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References