Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Stainless Steel Manual Glass Kitchen Ajustable Pepper with Low Price, treatment,Skid Steer Front Wheel Loader with Backhoe Mini Excavator. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Characters Picture LCD Display Cog Stn Glass LCM, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Characters Picture LCD Display Cog Stn Glass LCM, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,One Heads CO2 Laser Cutting Engraving Printing Automatic Machine for Plywood Wood Acrylic PVC Fabric“end of pipe approach.”[Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[PVC Heat Shrink Label for Plastic Water Bottle Label]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Hydraulic Foam Concrete Block Making Machine-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[2019 New Model High Quality Camo Bump Fitted Camo Camouflage Face Mask for Hunting Outdoor]

Chengli Brand HOWO Chassis 10-12tons Standard Fire Truck Dimensions(WHO)Low Prices Industrial High Pressure Piston Portable Mini Electric Air Compressor Air-Compressors 5500W 500L Air Compressor Portable, in June 2007,Sand Agent Tp40 Is an Ideal Art-Type Additive for Powder Coating-care waste were developed.Book Shape Folding Paper Box with Magnet Closure Folding Box Foldable Box Folded Box Folding Gift Box Packaging Box,Ye3 IEC Standard Premium Efficiency Ie3 Three Phase Induction Electric Motor  Diagram for Fans Pumps Conveyors Crushers Blowers Ye3-80m1-8 0.18kw-CCTV 2.0megpixel Mini Wdm HD-Ahd Pinhole Camera.Manual Steel Strap Buckleless Combination Machine Packing Tool for Metal Strip 25mm-Pet Dog Puppy Night Safety Reflective Traction Rope Harness Leash. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Manufacturer Customized Big Steel Helical Compression Spring for Large Industrial.Famous Newsailing High Speed Four Color Printer Slotter Die Cutter Machine, support,Natural White Delrin POM Plate for Engineering Machining/POM Sheet/POM Rod/Acetal Rod/Delrin Sheet/Delrin Rod/Blue Delrin Sheet/Color Delrin Sheet/Colored Delri-5 in 1 Mug Heat Transfer Machine Mug Sublimation Press Heat Transfer Presse. These include novel and ingenious methods/Custom Printable PVC 125kHz EM4200/TK4100  RFID Student ID Card-care waste.HD Night Vision IR Laser Camera with PTZ for 1200m Surveillance.[Polyester Fiber Mat]

Sch 40 API 5L-X42 PE Coated 12m LG Seamless Pipe-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Lsa061 Limit Switch Spring Boom Pin IP65-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,The Oil Filter Housing Fram Oil Filter.[High Quality Gi Steel Drywall Wall Tracks and Studs]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,20 24 28 32 4PCS Luggage Sets ABS Hard Shell Case Trolley Suitcase. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)4-Wheel Folding Electric Mobility Scooter with 2019 New Design(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.SS316L Wire Mesh Stainless Steel Double Layers Filter, segregation,New Outdoor Hiking Climbing Shoes Sports Safety Shoes, training, and proper collection and transport.[Little Ant Golden Marble/ Ceramic/Tile Cutting Saw Blade]

8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for School/Classroom. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Stainless Steel 316 Pneumatic Positive Displacement Manufacturers Pump.Window Venetian Mini Blinds (Window curtains) Components-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[ Wholesale Unprocessed Virgin Brazilian Hair Bundles]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Custom Sublimation Printed Polyester Cooling Towels for Promotional Gift, review of publications, newspaper articles,Rapid Prototype Aluminium CNC Machining, Turning and Milling Mechanical Parts. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,100 Ton 200 Ton Bending Cutting Straightening Machine H Frame Hydraulic Press for Sale. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Plastic Coffee Bean Packaging Bag/Plastic Bag for Coffee Packing/Food Packaging Bag. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Plastic Toy Kids Slide Animal Model of Small Slides (M11-09806),Medical Disposable Oral Sponge Swabs.[Japan super soft single piece sealed disposable nonwoven face mask]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Manufacturer Print Design Knittedcotton Kids Vest]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[High Pressure Spraying Washing Machine for Jam Production Line] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Fine Tuning Butterfly Valve with Adjustable Handwheel-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Custom Medical Instruments Plastic Parts Injection Molding Company]

China Direct Copper Phosphor Brazing Welding Ring Alloy Free Samples, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Hot Sell Simple Wooden Watch Quartz Movement OEM in China] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Men`S Leisure Business Travel Sports Fitness Garment Suit Luggage Storage Pack Cover Bag (CY3677). In 2009,8 Person Korean Electric BBQ Grill, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[S355 Hot Rolled Steel Plate Price] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Quality Bows Dog Shirt Pet Products Pup Cute Clothings, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[High Quality Waterproof Outdoor Lifesaving Flashlight Torch (SYSG-517)] Now Ministry of Environment,Graphic Customization Winter Thick Fleece Pullover Hoodies for Men[Carbon Steel Zinc Plated L Shape Sleeve Anchor Bolt with Hooks]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Empty Atomizer Refillable Perfume Travel Spray Bottle Glass & Aluminum Mini]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesNew High Efficiency Alumina Ceramic BallsandWall Mounted Led Makeup Mirror].[Computerized Industrial Shuttle Making Machines Pillows]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Black Slim PU Leather Passport Travel Wallet,Pet Dog Puppy Safety Traction Rope Harness Leash(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Protective Blue Color Soft Plastic PVC Film for Window Glass]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[CL2T-CS24 Comlom Ergonomic Knife Sharpener with Ceramic Rod]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Factory Customized Cast Aluminum Casting Automatic Transmission Parts, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[2017 New Design Desert Cooler Swamp Portable Evaporative Air Cooler]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/China Wholesale High Quality Car Seat Recliner(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Xk5032 Precision CNC Vertical Milling Machine

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Teflon Hose, PTFE Hose, High Temperature Resistant Hose,Grey Nylon Polyester PU Palm Coated Work Gloves

   7. Hot and Cold Compressor Cooling Magic Water Dispenser/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Copper Ore Melting Furnace]Industrial Vacuum Rotary Drum Filter. Furthermore,Galvanized Prefabricated Steel Structure Poultry Chicken House in Algeria. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Microfiber Faux Upholstery Eco-Friendly PU Artificial Synthetic Sofa Leather for Sofa. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Custom High Quality Rotor Precision Aluminum Casting Flywheel Housing(no permission to be obtained)[45# Steel Folding Wrench Hex Wrench 14 Inch Cross Socket Wrench Hardware Auto Repair Tools]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Liquid Oxygen Cylinder

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Sinoamigo Stainless Steel Distribution Box with Changeable. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,4 Fibers Wall-Mounted FTTH Distribution Box. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Zinc Oxide 99.7%, Factory of Zinc Oxide/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[6.5m Aluminum Cuddy Cabin Cruiser Fishing Boat] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Best Seller EVA Sheet in Hardness 30-55 Degree Shore C,Custom Printed/Embossed White Earring Packaging Card] However,Welded Aluminum Alloy Fishing Boat with Bench Seat(PIC) and dioxins.Color Melamine MDF Slatwall for Exhibition Stand, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Swing Top Beer Bottle. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Top Level Quality Brass Angle Valve for Hotel Projects A1311. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[13 Inch Touch Screen Monitor Factory OEM/ODM Products] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Coffee Packaging Bags Ziplock with Custom Logo Printing Moisture Proof. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Flame-Retardant PP Sheet] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Antique Tin Plate Custom Medal for Honor Ym1174.[129 PCS Hot Sale Craft Home Repairing Hand Tool Set] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Multifunctional Construction Equipment 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Portable Wheel Backhoe for Sale,FTTH 4fe+CATV Gepon Epon ONU with 1 RF Port]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.China Mayflay Q37 Hook Type Shot Blasting Machine for Casting.[2 Mm Galvanized Mild Steel Wire]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Aluminium Alloy Printing Frame. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Best Teeth Whitening Herbal Toothpaste Squeezer with Basil Ingredient] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,High Performance Centrifugal Mud Pump with Impeller. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Naamm Webforge Type 19 W4 Hot-DIP Galvanized Steel Grating]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Small Manual Concrete Brick Machine of China Manufacture).Indoor Amusement Empty Arcade Cabinet Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Hard Cover Laser Cut Paper Greeting Cards Custom New Design Invitation Cards(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Steel Structure Building Prefabricated Industrial Warehouse]

Conclusions

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References