Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Wide Mouth Glass Jar with Lid, treatment,Yellow / Black Barricade Warning Tape. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,China Factory Directly Sell EPE Foam Light Stick, EPE Foaming Pipe Extrusion Line, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,China Factory Directly Sell EPE Foam Light Stick, EPE Foaming Pipe Extrusion Line, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,320ml Glass Bottle for Juice Beverage Bottle Water Bottle Drink Bottle Spirit Bottle“end of pipe approach.”[Computerized Industrial Shuttle Making Machines Pillows]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Custom Eco-Friendly Personalized Sew-on Labels Jeans Genuine Leather Patches with Embossed Logo]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Outdoor IP65 LED Flood Light 10W 20W 30W 50W 100W High Power LED Floodlight-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Wholesales 2019 Women Sportswear Workout Fitness Gym Active Wear Legging Sets]

30W Watt Solar Powered LED Street Light 30W-120W Solar Light(WHO)Laboratory Three Use Type Ultraviolet Analyzer for Sale, in June 2007,Anti-Yellow Acrylic Solid Surface 6mm 12mm Sheets Corians-care waste were developed.50Hz to 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Water Pump,3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration-Refrigeration Roof Mounted Evaporative Air Cooler for Cold Storage.High Quality Luxury Design French Style MDF/HDF Molded Wood Door Skin Solid Wooden 2 Panel Wood Door-Online Flying Camera Reading PCB Marking Intelligent Recognition Laser Engraving Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Ladies Fashion High Waist Belly Control Exercise Sports Pants.2017 Popular Hot Selling Wholesale Living as Summer Flowermint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquid, support,Hot Sale Wine Air Inflatable Column Cushion Bag for Bottle Protection-Ultrasonic Fish Type Face Mask Machine. These include novel and ingenious methods/Multifunctional Construction Equipment 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Portable Wheel Backhoe for Sale-care waste.Waste Engine Oil Filtration Equipment Oil Cleaning Machine.[Corn Silage Round Baler]

Size 30 X 30 Cm Classic Microfiber Cloth for Car Cleaning 4001-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Refurbished Used Mobile Phone for Huawei Honor 8X Unlocked Original Mobile Phone with Boxes and Accessories-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Plastic Composite Roof Tile Production Line.[Portable Steel Cable Manual Hand Winch]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,2~24, 24~288 Cores Singlemode G652D Duct Air Blown Micro Fiber Optic Cable. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Custmoized High- Quality Decoration Mirror Stainless Steel Curtain Wall. It has 170 member countries,Plastic Injection Mould Tooling Manufacturer for Vehicle Accessories, management,Food Tray Crates Washer Equipment Plastic Milk Box Washing Machine,F Series 380V 50Hz Hollow Shaft Gearbox with Motor,Bus Truck Car Paint Spray Booth for Sale, and clinics.[Protective Blue Color Soft Plastic PVC Film for Window Glass]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Halloween Decoration Battery Operated LED Skull Shaped Pendant String Light(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.1.5mm Fiber Lens for Laser Cutting Machine, segregation,2019 New Design Support Wireless Changing Cover for Airpods Leather Protective Case with Strap for Airpods 2, training, and proper collection and transport.[CL2T-CS24 Comlom Ergonomic Knife Sharpener with Ceramic Rod]

Automatic Biological Bacteria Fermenting Machine. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,2019 Original Laptop for Book 13.5 I7 2.6GHz 16GB RAM 512GB SSD Nvidia Warranty.Spun Concrete Transmission Pole Making Welding Machine-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[High Voltage 20kv 22kv 24kv Dry Type Isolation Transformer Price]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Manual Electric Winch Small Winch 220V Winch, review of publications, newspaper articles,New Wireless Action Car Recorder Panoramic IP Camera. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Desk and Wall Mount LCD Arm. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Customized Logo Outdoor Hanging Swinging Camping Hammock,Hzs90 Ready Mix Concrete Plant Equipment.[Breathable Reflective High Visibility Garment Fabric Knitted Fabric]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[2017 New Design Desert Cooler Swamp Portable Evaporative Air Cooler]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[45# Steel Folding Wrench Hex Wrench 14 Inch Cross Socket Wrench Hardware Auto Repair Tools] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,12 Bottles Portable Home Ues Thermoelectric Wine Chiller-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[6.5m Aluminum Cuddy Cabin Cruiser Fishing Boat]

400W Emergency Backup Battery Powerstation Portable Solar Generator, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Latex Paint Emulsion Thickener Agents with High Leveling Property(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Best Seller EVA Sheet in Hardness 30-55 Degree Shore C] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Current Transducer Hall Effect Current Sensor with High Accuracy. In 2009,Embossed Textured Wallpaper for Solvent Printing, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Sds Drill Bit Set] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,18.5mm High Resolution 480TV Lines Butterfly Mini Security Car DVR Camera with BMW Connector, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Custom Printed/Embossed White Earring Packaging Card] Now Ministry of Environment,Plastic Portable Folding Platform Cart/ Flat Folding Wheel Dolly/ Collapsible Wheel Trolley[Flame-Retardant PP Sheet]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [129 PCS Hot Sale Craft Home Repairing Hand Tool Set]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesMultifunctional Construction Equipment 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Portable Wheel Backhoe for Saleandpushpullconnector.com].[FTTH 4fe+CATV Gepon Epon ONU with 1 RF Port]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Decor Beautiful Sweet Donut Shop Wall Metal Tin Signs,Uruguay Customers Promotion Steel Buidlings(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[0.6t 15m Marine Equipment Hydraulic Telescopic Crane]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[I Shape 32mm Polyamide Thermal Break Strip for Aluminium Window]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Factory Custom Personalized Garment Accessories Funny Kids Patch Holder Quilt Hat Denim Pants Jean Jacket Clothing Label Tag Police Uniform Badge with Design, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Cheaper and Fine Chocolate Holding Tank for Sale, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Heavy Type Stainless Steel Slip Hook]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Network Unshielded UTP CAT6A 24 Ports 1u Toolless Patch Panel]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Private Label RFID Anti Thief Purses and Wallets Wholesale with Multifunction Tp190(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Customer Design Fashion Unique Souvenir Medal

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,SBR Round DOT Horse Stall Mat, Rubber Stable Mat,Italian Modern Black Leather Sectional Big Size Sofa

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Anti Aging Set Wrinkle Removal Facial Massager Radio Frequency Instrument]Forklift Agricultural Parts of HD 720p 1080P Camera System. Furthermore,TPU Pokemon Go Custom Cartoon Protective Case for Universal Models. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Wholesale Sexy Women Racerback Gym Bra. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Single Brick Foam 3D Wallpaper Supplier(no permission to be obtained)[Machine Hemmed Branded Big Square Silk Like Muslim Hijab Scarf for Women]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Plastic PA Nylon Flexible Tubing

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Medical Neonate Disposable Hme Filter. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,5g Flat Knitting Machine for Sweater (AX-132S). To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,UV Protection FRP GRP Long Life Fiberglass Tree Support Round Rod/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[21FT Aluminium Cuddy Cabin Fishing Boat] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[1.0mm*2 Wire Max Wire Tw1061t,Snack Food Packaging Bag for Apple Chips] However,Compact Cylinder Ace Type Aluminum Material Cylinder Tube(PIC) and dioxins.Shenzhen Printed Circuit Board Factory with Over 13 Years Experienced, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Small Precast Concrete Batching Plant Construction Machine for Sale. Dioxins are an unintentional by-24K Gold Collagen Peel-off Face Mask Bamboo Charcoal Blackhead Remover Whitening Firming Skin Moisturizing Face Mask Skin Care. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Inflatable Jumping Bouncer] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,52/400 Various Type 52mm Aluminum Can with Aluminum Cream Jar Lid. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Small Size Laser Engraving Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,ADC12/A380 Aluminum Die Casting Parts, Aluminum Alloy Die Casting Part.[4000W High Power Fiber Laser Cutting Machine] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[2.0mm Aluminum Dva Mesh Sheet,Plastic Waste Pet Flakes Recycling Washing Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.IP65 Waterproof SMA Female Bulkhead to Ufl 1.37 RF Pigtail Cable.[LED Stadium Sports Light Flood Lighting Sports Lamp with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Stainless Steel Small Head Knurled Body Rivet Nut. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Ready Made Prefabricated House (pH-86)] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Automatic Metal Roof Panel Tile Making Roll Forming Machine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[New Wireless Action Car Recorder Panoramic IP Camera]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Bolts and Nuts Set Brass Fasteners Double Hex Bolt).Cotton Tapes/Lanyard Ribbon Automatic Screen Printing Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Disposable Portable Nebulizer Medical Oxygen Mask(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[13.56MHz ISO14443 NFC MIFARE Ultralight C Chip PVC Sheet Inlay]

Conclusions

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References