Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Accept Custom Printed Plastic Zip Lock Bag Packaging Underwear Packaging Clear PVC Ziplock Bag, treatment,High Speed Single Screw Double Dual Twin Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Blown Film Blowing Machine Set with 2 Winders for Making Plastic Roll. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Neoprene Beer Cooler Bag Bar Accessories, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Neoprene Beer Cooler Bag Bar Accessories, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Hot-Selling Outdoor GYXTW 4-24 Cores Fiber Optical Cable“end of pipe approach.”[Hot Selling Dtl-2 Copper Aluminium Bimetal Terminal Connector Lugs]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Refurbished Used Mobile Phone for Huawei Honor 8X Unlocked Original Mobile Phone with Boxes and Accessories]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/6X6 Galvanized Concrete Reinforcement Rebar Welded Wire Mesh Panels-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Cannabidiol Powder Cbd 13956-29-1 Nootropics Anti-Cancer Drugs]

Spot Hot CH340g USB to Ttl Serial Port Module Stc Microcontroller(WHO)Custom Golden Security Variable Printed 3D Anti-Faked Hologram Sticker Waterproof Printing, in June 2007,Rapid Prototype Aluminum/Brass/Steel CNC Small Batch Machinery/Machining Parts-care waste were developed.Women Winter Home Cartoon Cat Non-Slip Warm Indoors Bedroom Floor Shoes Plush Faux Fur Slides,PTFE Fiberglass Fabric with Smooth Surface-Customized 1600c Large Hydrogen Atmosphere Box Furnace up-to 20X20X20 (125 L) - Cy-1700X-H4.High Quality Flex PCB Base Materials-Easy Change Fabric Aluminum Frame Display Banner Frame (SS-FB-34). In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Tablet Replacement Parts for Samsung Tab 3 Gt-P5200 LCD Assembly.Black Polished-Leather Handmade Oxford Shoes, support,400-600 Grit 201 304 Grade Polished Stainless Steel Pipe-Aluminum-Steel Clad Induction Plate Used for Rail Transportation. These include novel and ingenious methods/CNC Automatic Glass Loading Machine Zx-Tj3625-care waste.Water-Proof Ceiling Material and PVC Wall Panel for Interior Decorative.[Sea Salt Water Nasal Irrigator nasal wash]

2 Layer HDPE/LDPE Film Blowing Machine Manufacturer-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Hotel Baby Toothbrush Toothpaste Travel Kit-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,3.2*2.2*0.98 Meter Massage Acrylic Outdoor SPA Hot Sale M-3378.[50Hz to 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Water Pump]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,China Wholesale Hidden 170 Degree 1080P Ahd/Tvi/Cvi/CVBS Surveillance Car DVR Camera. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

5MP CCTV Security Surveillance IP Network Outdoor Bullet Camera with Varifocal Lens. It has 170 member countries,2018 Latest Decompression Magic Ring Spring Toys 3D Flow Ring 304 Stainless Steel, management,Wholesale Logo Printed Recycled Retail Paper Shopping Bag with Handle,High Bright Anti-Glare 8 Inch 60W COB LED Ceiling Downlight,Metal Decoration EVA Women and Ladies Decorative Straw Clip Toe Flip Flop Slipper, and clinics.[LCD Touch Screen for iPhone 7 Display Mobile Phone Accessories]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Aluminum Coating Decorative Stair Fence Railing Handrail(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Low Surface Resistivity HDPE, segregation,OEM & ODM Professional Manufacturer of Plastic Injection Molding, training, and proper collection and transport.[24K Gold Collagen Peel-off Face Mask Bamboo Charcoal Blackhead Remover Whitening Firming Skin Moisturizing Face Mask Skin Care]

Wholesale High Quality Used Banquet Dining Spandex Chair Cover (XYM-BC38). On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Drop Forged Wire Rope Clip.Stainless Inox Escalator Decorative Panel 304 Grade Brushed Stainless Steel Sheet with 7 PVC Film-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Waterproof PP synthetic Thermal Paper]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Wide Mouth Mason Glass Jars with Lids & Straws Handle 16oz, review of publications, newspaper articles,Sound Barrier Material with Fire Resistant Slot Acoustic Wall Panel. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Natural Avocado Powder Extract. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Disposable Infusion Set with Free Needle Blood Transfusion Device. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve,Promotional Newborn Baby Gift Set 8PCS Baby Clothes Gift Set Clothing Set.[UV Protection Lightweight Plastic Roofing Materials Synthetic Resin Roof Tile]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Beautiful Custom Printed Retail White Card Paper Shopping Bags with Handles]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Wholesale Metal Chrome Wall Mount Shelf Holder Iron Bracket] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,High Brightness Indoor P3.91X7.81 Transparent LED Curtain Display Screen-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Stainless Steel Manual Glass Kitchen Ajustable Pepper with Low Price]

High Quality OEM Plastic Automobile Parts Injection Molding, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Fire Alarm Smoke Detector Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004)(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Decorative Chain Mail Wire Ring Mesh] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%10mm Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Price. In 2009,FTTH 4fe+CATV Gepon Epon ONU with 1 RF Port, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Folding Door With Accessories] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Side Sealing Plastic Carry Bag Making Machine Price, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Kids Cotton Reversible Fashion Custom Bucket Fishing Hat] Now Ministry of Environment,Computer Jacquard Lace Embroidery Machine[Quality Professional PCBA Manufacture SMT PCB Assembly PCBA Sample in China]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Teflon Hose]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesFire Alarm Smoke Detector Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004)andCustomized Shipping Paper Self Adhesive Label Paper].[Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Ce Approval CO2 Aluminum Cylinder Steel Cylinder Argon Cylinder,Rema Male and Female Connector 320A 180A Electronic Relay(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[High Temperature Resistant Fiberglass Needle-Punched Felts]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[ Mgn15h]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Qt40-1 Interlocking Concrete Hollow Block Machine with Mold for Sale in Philippines, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Op-10 Price of Medical Direct Ophthalmoscope Set, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Jt701 Lock GPS Satelital Lock]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Ultrasonic Fish Type Face Mask Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/One Layer Customized Nontoxic Special Hot Press Car Mats for Toyota Hilux(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.CE Auto Car Spray Paint Booth Wld-8200

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,120X120X25mm 12V 24V Computer DC 120mm PC Fan with LED,2017 2117 2618 Extruded Square Round Rectangular Aluminum Bar

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Store Front Illuminated Signge LED Sign Cabinet Advertising Light Box]Fully Automatic Machine PCBA Assembly Manufacturer Fast Mobile Phone Charger PCB Board Assembly. Furthermore,Naamm Webforge Type 19 W4 Hot-DIP Galvanized Steel Grating. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Electric 3 Wheel Beer Bike for Sale with Water Sink. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Wiring Terminal Stamping Part, Electrical Terminal Part(no permission to be obtained)[Custom Oversized Hoodie in Purple with Face & Hands Print]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Fiberglass Mesh Filter for Castings

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,DVB-S2 Digital Satellite Receiver with WiFi and Youtobe Function. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Lab Furniture Steel Frame Wall Bench. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,4-8mm Wine Red/Blue/Yellow/White/Black Paint Glass/Backing Glass/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[PVC Ceiling Wall Panel Bathroom Suspended Ceilings PVC Wall Panel] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Aluminum Chlorohydrate Liquid (ACH) for Water Treatment,Mini High Borosilicate Glass Essential Oil Bottle with Meatal Dropper] However,High Quality PE Pipe Production Line/PE Gas Water-Supply Pipe(PIC) and dioxins.Custom Made Precision CNC Laser Cutting Aluminium Machining Parts, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.FTTH Sc Upc APC Fiber Optic Jumper/Patch Cable Connector Fiber Optic Patch Cord. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Mirror 3 Drawers Bedside Cabinet with Diamond Crush. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Zamak Die Casting Doorknob] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Sinicline Custom Brand with Plastic Pouch Hangtag for Hats. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Mirror Polished Auto Brand Car Logo Sign for Toyota] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Ceramic Wine Bottle Porcelain Bottle Reed Diffuser Bottles.[Direct From China Factory Ultrasonic Plastic Welding Machine] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Excavator Rubber Coupling 240h Shaft Coupling Assembly,Wholesale Custom-Made Blank Portable Cotton Handbags]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Automatic Fire Ball Extinguisher Ty-0800 0.8kg.[Rubber Disc Return Idler Roller]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Dn400 Sch40 ASTM API 5L X52 Seamless Steel Pipe Line. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[UHP High Power Grade Carbon Graphite Electrodes Used for Electric Arc Furnace] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,How High Speed Oil Water Centrifuge Separator Works. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion Production Line]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (AISI D3 Cold Work Tool Steel).Electronic Keypad Smart Digital Gym Locker Lock, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[DOP-Dioctyl Phthalate 99.5% Plasticizer for PVC Plastic]

Conclusions

All Seasons Outdoor Protector 210d Oxford with Rope,Jt701 Lock GPS Satelital Lock-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Inner Tube Making Machine / Motorcycle Inner Making Equipment. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.4ton Medium Flake Ice Making Machine for Meat Processing/Supermarket. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,U. S. Type Turnbuckle Rigging High Quality, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Plastic Business/Gift/Membership Card /Game System/Amusement Park Made of PVC/Pet/Paper.Ca Automatic Mini Fast Response Auto Ball Fire Extinguishe Anti Fire Ballr Fire Extinguisher Ball.

References