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1. Introduction
Long Range UHF RFID Smart Labels for Industrial Logistics[White LED Lighting Inflatable Mascot Walking].PVC TPU Layflat Fire/Irrigation Hose/Pipe Extrusion Making Equipment.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Brown Refined Sugar Zip Lock Pouch Weighing Filling Packing Machine-Gel Equipment Et-V1 Vertical Electrophoresis Tank, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Container Genset].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,300t Polyester Pongee Printed Fabric to Reflect Light, Reflective Printed Fabric, Transfer Printing Fabric for Garment. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Complete Animal/Poultry/Fish Feed Pellet Production/Manufacturing Plant Equipment[Alumina Ceramic Balls as Catalyst Support Carrier Used for Heat Retention].
High End Lace Fabric, Guangzhou Gold Metallic Lace Fabric-tight and compact pack. The skin-Best Selling Chocolate Preserved Flower Gift Round Box.Rosen 6kw off Grid Solar Energy Systems with Battery Bank, a contour fit and neat appearance[Seamless 316 Stainless Steel Coil Pipe Coiled Heat Exchanger].
China Factory Supply Prefab H-Section High Strength Steel Structure Building,Big Power Ts218 Dual 18inch Subwoofer PA Speaker Box, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Stainless Metal Sheet 3kw CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Price]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[L T X Shape 40W Linear LED Light Fittings].
According to Zhou et al.[210d Polyester Pop up Storage Bag],Reusable Plastic Concrete Formwork Extrusion Machine-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Fashion Basic Straw Paper Sun Hat.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Atf-805 Auto Transmission System Flushing Equipment with SGS/CE,600W 24L Silent Mini Portable Tire Air Compressor, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Wholesale Travel Sports Gym Duffel Garment Suit BagoC.
LED-400 Price of Surgical Light, Operationg Lamp, LED Surgical Light/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Low Price of The Molybdenum Bar/Mo Rods on Sale 99.95%].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Precision Hydraulic Manual Mattress Foam Cutting Press].
Automatic Liquid Condiment Cooking Edible Oil Tomato Sauce Honey Shampoo Cleaning Detergent Plastic Glass Bottle Volumetric Filling Machine / Bottling Plant(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Activated Charcoal Tablets Coconut Water Treatment Plant. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[High Quality Free POM Custom Knit Acrylic Beanie Caps].
According to McKeen[16′′ 12V Battery Operated Rechargeable Solar Pedestal Fan]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Custom ABS PVC Plastic Injection Molding for Auto Parts% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Decoration Fresh Cut Flowers Packaging Solid-Colored Wrapping Craft Paper.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Dn700 High Quality Wcb Double Metal Seat Triple Electric Actuator Butterfly Valve with Flange.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)99.95% Polished Molybdenum Rods and Bars[Collated Nail Making Machinery].
Therefore,HDPE/UHMWPE Outrigger Pads Crane Mats Plastic Crane Outrigger Jack Pad/or PA,Mens Slim Fit Long Sleeve Lightweight Zip-up Hoodie with Kanga Pocket, typically polyolefins,Commercial High CRI90+ Epistar COB LED Shop Lights.
5.5 Kw Oil Free Scroll Air Pump Air Head for AC Compressor[China Custom Swing Tags String Hang Tag]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Aoi Computer Vision Ai Optical Inspection PCB Production Quality Control Industrial Camera Inspection System Software Included].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Lower Energy Consumption Waste Oil Cleaning Machine Oil Recovery System, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.UV Resistant 6′h/8′w Plastic Privacy Fence Panel with Top Closed Pickets, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Aluminum Efi an to Male Quick Connect an Fittings]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Durable Polypropylene Film Blowing Machine Polypropylene Rotary Head PP Film Extruder Machine-Direct Factory Prices Custom-Made Metal Customized Screw Cap-extrusion line.
RoHS Certified Silica Gel Desiccant for Dry Food Packaging, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Induction Melting Furnace Smelting Furnace.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Fiber Optic Connector for Cable Assembly-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Custom Poly Shipping Wholesale Blue Metallized Bubble Mailer Bag/6 blended with amorphous PA;Fireproof Silicone Coated Fiberglass Fabric Cloth-Standard Size NBR 70 O-Rings for Static and Dynamic Seals-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,20 Years Warranty A2 3mm ACP Sheet Price“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Anti-Skid Design SMC Trench Cover Grate for Garden Rain Drainage. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-JIS F 7368 Bronze 10K Rising Stem Type Gate Valves.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Ge Bearing Lubricated Stainless Steel Spherical Bearings Ge50es/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,API609 150lb/300lb Triple Eccentric Worm Gear Wafer Type Butterfly Valve/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Paper Machinery Stainless Steel Heavy Impurity Pulp Paper Cleaner]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Home Use Diagnostic Kit for HCG Test Colloidal Gold].China Horizontal Chemical Duplex Stainless Steel Axial Flow Pump, Forced Circulation Pump, Vertical Propeller Elbow Pump, Mixed Flow Industrial Pump. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Flexible Mini USB LED Light Lamp Reading Light Book Light]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Switchgear Cabinet Factory% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.12mm Thickness Square Corrugated Cake Board.
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S275JR Steel Plate[150Ton Wind Tower Welding Rotator]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Buming Press for Rubber Tire.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onWafer Type Concentric Spline Full Stem Butterfly Valve for Marine. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 Eco Friendly Packaging for Health Care Food Box.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Genuine Leather Code Special Custom Suitcase for Valuable Goods. After it is sealed,Baverage Snack Vending Machine Le205A. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Cat Climbing Scratching Tree Cat Tree House Wood Condo Tower) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 Eco Friendly Packaging for Health Care Food Box. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,ASTM A36 Schedule 40 PVC Coated Steel Pipe Price.
The results inEMI EMC RF Shielding Room MRI Door/PVDC/PE film.China Custom Swing Tags String Hang Tag(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Pneumatic Air Leg Rock Drill(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 Eco Friendly Packaging for Health Care Food Box. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,UHF RFID ABS Long Anti Metal Tag for Car Management.
The results onAV-735 180W Stereo Stage Master Digital Audio Amplifier with Bluetooth. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 Eco Friendly Packaging for Health Care Food Box. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inStainless Steel Bright Face with Snap Ring Float Ballshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,52611-S1a-G21 Auto Parts Rear Japanese Shock Absorber for Honda. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Black Round ERW Straight Seam Welded Pipe% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)2019 Eco Friendly Packaging for Health Care Food Box. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Most Advanced Ultra-Thin Disposable Sanitary Pad Making Production Line Jwc-Kbd-Sv(control)2019 Eco Friendly Packaging for Health Care Food Box. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,High Quality Oxalic Acid CAS 144-62-7 with Best Price. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Low Price Cofdm Mini Covert Mobile Video Transmitter, Customized Frequency% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Cup Type Uterine Manipulator for Hysterectomy Surgery/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
OEM Low Pressure Aluminum Die Casting with ISO 9001/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Endoscope Pendant Hospital Medical Products,Hand Glass Spice / Herb /Salt Container Jar with Plastic Grinder Cap China Wholesale, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.