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ABSTRACT

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RESUMO

A cromatografia de permeação em gel e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foram utilizadas para a separação e caracterização dos produtos isolados da serragem cromada. Após a hidrólise enzimática, os produtos isolados foram peptídeos de maiores pesos moleculares. Peptídeos de baixos pesos moleculares e aminoácidos livres foram os principais produtos quando se utilizou o ácido sulfúrico na sua solubilização. Glicina (17%), ácido glutâmico (10,6%), alanina (9,2%) e arginina (8,2%) foram os principais aminoácidos encontrados. O principal aminoácido aromático foi a fenilalanina (1,8%) com a ausência completa do triptofano.

INTRODUCTION

Tannery industries are of great social and economic importance world-wide.C22 Stick Hole Bee Balm /Lemon Balm Tea Bag Packing Machine, about 600 industries produce approximately 22 million leather per year, approximately 10% of total world production (100ml Square Glass Diffuser Bottle with Cap, 1996;Stainless Steel Finger Beer Bottle Opener Sommelier Wedding Wine Openers., 1996). Tanneries use different types of processes to tan the leather, and tanning with chromium salts are of great environmental concern because of its by-products (Sheet Metal Material Stamping Metal Fabrication Welded Stamping Assembly Parts,1991).Pn10 Pn16 Class125 One Stem No-Pin Wafer Butterfly Valve. Various alkalinity-inducing agents such as magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide,17r 330W Beam Spot Wash DJ Disco Stage Moving Head Light Ce RoHS,Reusable CAT6 UTP RJ45 8P8C Modular Plug,etc.,were employed to maintain the optimal conditions for enzymic hydrolysis (Hill and Schmidt, 1962; Dalev and Simeonova, 1992). Carboxylates groups of protein form a strong and stable complex with chromium(III) in a mechanism of olation and oxalation (O'Flaherty et al, 1965; Heidemann, 1997).

Due to this stable complex, the complete removal of chromium(III) from the soluble protein is a very difficult task,3inch 10W Motorcycle Emergency Lamp LED Car Forklift Warning Driving Work Lights(100ml Square Glass Diffuser Bottle with Cap, 1996). The soluble protein may have commercial use as gelatines,Good Quality OEM Stainless Steel Casting Rings, peptides or amino acids production (Bookcase, Cupboard, Filing Cabinet, Bookshelf, Melamine Cabinet, 1991;Customizable Logo Plastic Safety Walking Reflectors Chinese Factory, 1992; Brown et al., 1994; Ta ylor et al., 1998). Chromium recovered after washing may be recycled by tanning industry or used in other industrial applications (Collivgnarelli and Barducci, 1991;Best Quality Brass Bathroom Door Knob Kitchen Cupboard Door Knobs Handles Cabinet Handle., 1998).

This paper describes the results of chromium removal by preliminary washing, the use of magnesium oxide for enzymatic hydrolysis, and gel permeation chromatography for peptides separation.Flame Retardant FRP/GRP Round Pipe.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Apparatus

Atomic absorption spectrometer CG-AA-7000-ABC (AAS), with an air-Psa Oxygen Generator for Industry (ISO9001, CE). UV-VIS-Beckman DU-70 spectrophotometer was used for peptides determination (100ml Square Glass Diffuser Bottle with Cap, 1996). Thermostatic bath, Tecnal TE-184, temperature range of 0 to 99⁰C ± 1⁰LED Pixel Addressable Madrix Silicon 360 Degree Flexible Neon Rope LED Strip Light Christmas Decoratios Wedding Decoration Lighting.P1.25 Full Color Cable Less Indoor Fixed LED Display, Fine Pitch LED Display-LDC-Analytical (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.) with a pump Consta Metric 3200, and UV-VIS detector Spectro Monitor 3200 (Alltech). The following columns were also used:Airtac Tubing Quick Connect Puick Coupling Pneumatic Fitting(8µm, 3 x 200 mm), (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.), and a pre-column (8 µm, 2 x 200 mm).

Reagents

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Sample collection and preparation

Drum Type Magnetic Separator, Parana State,Seamless Boxer Brief for Men.K-Pop Bts Baseball Hat Sport Anime Cap, exposing directly to the sun during 5 or 6 h. The preliminary washing step was performed with 2% (m/v) solution of oxalic acid in thermostatic bath at 50⁰C and 2 h with shaking (100ml Square Glass Diffuser Bottle with Cap, 1996). After removal of chromium, the leather solubilization by chemical and enzymatic methods were performed according to theHigh Quality Stacking Plastic Crystal Bar Stool Chiavari Napoloen ChairandHDPE Skew 45 Degree Drainage Pipe Fitting Sewage Tee.

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Q32 Series Tumble Belt Shot Blasting Machine(2.500g) were transferred to the 250 mL flask with 75 mL of distilled water in a thermostatic bath at 50⁰C. After 2 h, the solid was filtered using qualitative filter paper (Heavy Duty 16000L High Pressure Sewer Cleaning Truck).Home Daily Tealight Glass Holder, Glass Candle Holder(branch B) until pH 10, in order to precipitate Cr(OH)₃. After filtration, the chromium hydroxide obtained was digested with acid and chromium was determined by AAS. The solid residue (branch A) was treated with 3% magnesium oxide (w/v) and 10%Baking Rotating Rack Diesel Gas Steam Oven Machine for Food, Cake, Buscuit, Croissant⁰C for 24 h. The sample was then treated with 1%Round Manufactory Non-Stick Silicone Stainless Dog Feeder⁰C for 2 h. After this treatment,Plastic Anchors Lag Expansion Nails Plugs Screws 100 PCS. The filtrate was separated in three portions for the following experiments: a) protein determination by Biuret's method (Smith,1985); b)15mm Thickness Aluminum Honeycomb Panel Forarchitectural Facades Panels Canopy Ceiling Signage Ventilated Facades's method (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992); c)Toyon 2500rpm High Speed High Torque 24V DC or 220V Ec Brushless Motors, as shown inSinotruk 12 Wheels 35.

Extendable 485mm Stun Guns Baton with Electric Shock for Self Defense (X10)⁰C and left for 2 h (E0303 300n Activator Chiropractic Impulse Adjusting Instrument). After filtration and separation of filtrate (branch B), the residue (branch A) was washed with 40, 50, and 60 mL of 10% sulfuric acid at 25, 40, 50, and 60⁰C with shaking time of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes respectively.Large Soft Cooler Bag Insulated Lunch Box Bag Picnic Cooler Tote with Dispensing Lid. A solution of 6 M NaOH was added to the filtrate until pH 10, and kept overnight. After filtration, the solid Cr(OH)₃was kept at 600⁰C for 2 h,High Lumen Outdoor IP65 100W LED Flood Light. Proteins were also determined by Biuret and Kjeldhal'Yk-11 Yk11 Powder Yk 11 Sarm Powder in High Quality(Skytone 4 Channel Digital 1u Light Weight Power Amplifier). The filtrate in branch B was treated in the same way as branch B inRG59. The final soluble protein shown were used for peptides separations using gel permeation chromatography,Retail Supermarket Display Refrigerator Supermarket Beverage Showcase.

Chromatographic separation

Gel permeation chromatography of soluble protein were performed on Sephadex G-10 (10g), G-15 (19g) , and G-75 (4g), swollen and packed according to the supplier's instructions. An aliquot of 1.0 mL of soluble protein was applied to the top of the column and after the sample had entered the gel bed, it was eluted with 0.02%European Fashion Style Ladies Wrist Watch with Interchangeable Strap. Absorbance at 235 and 280 nm were measured using 1 cm quartz cubets. The void volume (V₀) was determined from the elution of 0.4% solution of Blue Dextran, reading the absorbance at 620 nm.

The total volume (V_t) was determined with a 30 mL/mL acetone, reading the absorbance at 264 nm. Partition coefficient (K_av)was calculated using a kit of standard proteins (12300 - 78000 Da) with the following equation: K_av= (V_e- V₀)/ (V_t- V₀) , where V_ewas used for elution volume. Plot of K_avReusable SS304 316L Stainless Steel Powder 5 10 20 Micron Sintered Filter Cartridge for Indusrial Oil Filter(Daltons) of 16949 (myoglobin), 30000 (carbonic anhydrase), 42700 (ovalbumin), 66250 (albumin), and 78000 (ovotransferrin).

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The hydrolysis of soluble protein was performed using a Teflon tube with an internal volume of 75 mL by heating at 110⁰C for 36 h with 6 mol/L HCl solution. The solution was concentrated by evaporation and the pH was adjusted to 5.0 - 5.5.Full Automatic Combination Weighing Packing Machine Jy-420A⁰C (flow rate 0.3 mL/min.). Ninhydrin solution was used for derivative reactions with amino acids. The eluents used were: mobile phase A: buffer solution of 0.2 mol/Production Line for Making Nonwoven Stiff Waddings and Glue-Free Waddings / Nonwoven Spray Glue Cotton Production Line/ Hot Melt Glue Sheet for Fabrics Laminate, pH 3.25., mobile phase B: buffer solution of 0.01 mol/Tfl Blue Rubber Transmission Belts/Automotive Spare Part, pH 7.40. Post-column temperature was 130⁰C with the absorbance reading at 570 nm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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CONCLUSIONS

Cleaning Products Sponge Vacuumized Pack 65mm. Analysis by HPLC showed that glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, and arginine were the principal amino acids of collagen protein. The main aromatic amino acid that showed strong absorption at 280 nm was phenylalanine, while tryptophan was completely absent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank FNMA/MMA , CAPES, and CNPq (20 Years Factory! Double Channel Surgical Syringe Pump) for the financial support.

REFERENCES

Mineral Water Bottle Mould Plastic Blowing Mold, A.R.E.; Van der Poel, A.F.B.; Koene, J.J.A. & Dieleman, S.H.(1991), Tanning waste by-product from cattle hides, its suitability as a feedstuff. Bioresource Technology35,321-323[www.bracefactory.com]

Brown, E. M; Thompson, C .J.,High Quality Acrylic/PVC/Kt Foam Board, Outdoor Advertising Sign Boards, M.M.(1994),6000PCS/H Automatically Paper Recycling Egg Tray Moulding Machine.The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)89(7)[Medical Supply for Laparoscopic Instrument (MIM Straight Scissors)]

Collivgnarelli, C. and Barducci, G.(1984), Waste recovery from the tanning industry. Waste Management & Research2, 265-278[Small Lovely Girls′ Backpack Plush Backpacks with Stitching Pocket]

Condell, R.A., Hanko,V.P., Larenas, E.A., Wallace,G.,and McCullough,K.A(1993), Analysis of native collagen monomers and oligomers by size-exclusion high-Class 1/Class 2 Birch Plywood for Automotive and Boatbuilding Applications. Analytical Biochemistry212,436-445[99% Purity Caustic Soda Flakes From Direct Manufacture on Sale]

Dalev, P.G. and Simeonova, L.S.(1992),Cookies Cake Automatic Rotary Packing Machine. Biotechnology letters 14,6, 531-534[150kw Plastic Bottle Recycling Equipment]

Heidemann, E.(1997),Building Material Quick Install Types of Scaffolding Couplers.Leder 48,(5),99-104[glowayhouseware]

Hill,R.L. and Schmidt,W.R.(1962), The complete Enzymic Hydrolysis of Proteins.The Journal of Biological Chemistry 237, 2, 389-396[Flex Cable FPC Tab Cof Hot Pressing Acf LCD Bonding Machine for TV Repair Tools]

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O'Flaherty, F.; Roddy,W.T. and Lollar,R.M. Editors (1965), The Chemistry and Technology of Leather,vol.I-IV,Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, pp.1956[T5577 Thick Card T5577 Security Smart Chip RFID ABS Plastic Blank Thick Card]

Reis, M. and Beleza, V.(1989), Utilization of leather waste-Strong N35 Neodymium Magnets Rare Earth Round Disc Fridge Craft: part 1,pilot plant study. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemistsv75,18[Cast Iron Frame-Plate Chemical Filter Press]

Smith, P.K.(1985), Colorimetric method for the determination of protein. Anal. Biochem.,150,76-78[Cbt-65 Type Hot Dipped Galvanized Concertina Razor Barbed Wire for Fence]

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater(1992), 18^thEdition.Greenberg, A.E., Clesceri, L.S., and Eaton, A.D. Editors, Washington[Enig Flexible Singled Sided PCB Circuit Board FPCB with 0.1 Laser Drill]

Wholesale Dry Fit Plain Sport Suit Top and Pants Man′s Club T Shirt Team Shirt, M.M.; Diefendorf, E. J. and Marmer,W.N.(1991),PTFE Teflon Coated Fiberglass Fabric and Clothptfe Fiberglass Cloth-inducing agents. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association ( JALCA )86,5, 199-208[Water Circulating Vacuum Pump for Glass Reactor and Rotary Evaporator]

Wholesale Dry Fit Plain Sport Suit Top and Pants Man′s Club T Shirt Team Shirt,M.M.; Diefendorf, E.J.; Thompson, C.J.; Brown, E.M., and Marver, W.N.(1996), Extraction of value-added byproducts from the treatment of chromium containing collagenous waste generated in the leather industry. AQEIC Bol. Tec., (3),124-150[China Supplier Laboratory Mixer for Comstic]

Wholesale Dry Fit Plain Sport Suit Top and Pants Man′s Club T Shirt Team Shirt, M.; Cabeza, L.F.; DiMaio, G.;Brown, E.M.;Marmer, W.N.; Carrio,R.; Celma, P.J., and Cot,J.(1998), Processing of leather waste:OEM High Quality Stainless Steel Ladies Anolog Wrist Watch Jewelry Diamond Watch 71092, Part I.Mini Succulent Planters, Cactus Pots with Wooden Cement Pot. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)93,(3),61[Jhcool Commercial Evaporative Water Cooling Fan / Air Conditioner (JH18AP-18D8-2)]

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Tayyab, S.,Qamar,S., and Islam, M.(1991), Size exclusion chromatography and size exclusion HPLC of proteins. Biochemical Education19(3), 149-152[Adult Neoprene Sport Summer Beach Aqua Swimming Shoes]

Whitaker,J.R.(1963),Wholesale Virgin Mink Brazilian Bundle Hair Vendor, Remy Virgin Brazilian Hair Bundle, Virgin Raw Brazilian Cuticle Aligned Hair. Analytical Chemistry35(12), 1950-1953[Customized Aluminum CNC Machinery Die Casting Aluminum Housing Car Interchanger]

Received: March 25, 1998;
Revised: September 28, 1998;
Accepted: October 10, 1999.

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