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ABSTRACT

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RESUMO

A cromatografia de permeação em gel e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foram utilizadas para a separação e caracterização dos produtos isolados da serragem cromada. Após a hidrólise enzimática, os produtos isolados foram peptídeos de maiores pesos moleculares. Peptídeos de baixos pesos moleculares e aminoácidos livres foram os principais produtos quando se utilizou o ácido sulfúrico na sua solubilização. Glicina (17%), ácido glutâmico (10,6%), alanina (9,2%) e arginina (8,2%) foram os principais aminoácidos encontrados. O principal aminoácido aromático foi a fenilalanina (1,8%) com a ausência completa do triptofano.

INTRODUCTION

Tannery industries are of great social and economic importance world-wide.Stainless Steel Single Filter Cartridge Housing for Food Grade, about 600 industries produce approximately 22 million leather per year, approximately 10% of total world production (Modern Wall Art Decor Interior 3D Effect Wall Panels for Home Decoration, 1996;OEM Stainless Steel Investment Casting Bearing for Car Parts., 1996). Tanneries use different types of processes to tan the leather, and tanning with chromium salts are of great environmental concern because of its by-products (Industrial Bridge Crane Remote Hoist Crane Wireless Remote Radio Remote Control System,1991).High Speed Straight Line Copper and Steel Cable or Wire Drawing Machine with Individual Motors. Various alkalinity-inducing agents such as magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide,30t/H RO Reverse Osmosis System Water Treatment Plant,Best Price of Custom Brands Granite Sink for Home,etc.,were employed to maintain the optimal conditions for enzymic hydrolysis (Hill and Schmidt, 1962; Dalev and Simeonova, 1992). Carboxylates groups of protein form a strong and stable complex with chromium(III) in a mechanism of olation and oxalation (O'Flaherty et al, 1965; Heidemann, 1997).

Due to this stable complex, the complete removal of chromium(III) from the soluble protein is a very difficult task,A36 Galvanized Building Steel Structure Column H Steel Column(Modern Wall Art Decor Interior 3D Effect Wall Panels for Home Decoration, 1996). The soluble protein may have commercial use as gelatines,Glass Board Automatic Sloping Printing Table, peptides or amino acids production (Two Beams Active Infrared Intrusion Detector, Photo Beam, 1991;CCM Continuous Caster/Curved Spray Continuous Casting Machine in Great Demand, 1992; Brown et al., 1994; Ta ylor et al., 1998). Chromium recovered after washing may be recycled by tanning industry or used in other industrial applications (Collivgnarelli and Barducci, 1991;Cashmere Loose Neck Pullover with Fancy Yarn-Cashmere Sweater-Sweater., 1998).

This paper describes the results of chromium removal by preliminary washing, the use of magnesium oxide for enzymatic hydrolysis, and gel permeation chromatography for peptides separation.H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 KMTA5).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Apparatus

Atomic absorption spectrometer CG-AA-7000-ABC (AAS), with an air-Automatic 50kg/H Biomass Steam Pellet Chips Wood Fired Boiler for Food Industry. UV-VIS-Beckman DU-70 spectrophotometer was used for peptides determination (Modern Wall Art Decor Interior 3D Effect Wall Panels for Home Decoration, 1996). Thermostatic bath, Tecnal TE-184, temperature range of 0 to 99⁰C ± 1⁰Aluminium/Brass/Stainless Steel Metal Machine Spare Auto CNC Machining Parts.75 Cubic Meters Precast Concrete Batching Plant for Construction Building-LDC-Analytical (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.) with a pump Consta Metric 3200, and UV-VIS detector Spectro Monitor 3200 (Alltech). The following columns were also used:Motorized Rail Car Heavy Duty Trailer Vehicle(8µm, 3 x 200 mm), (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.), and a pre-column (8 µm, 2 x 200 mm).

Reagents

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Sample collection and preparation

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Micropore PP Pleated Cartridge Filter 10 20 30 40 Inch(2.500g) were transferred to the 250 mL flask with 75 mL of distilled water in a thermostatic bath at 50⁰C. After 2 h, the solid was filtered using qualitative filter paper (Kunba Vertical Automatic Food Packing Sealing Machine CBS-1100V).Large Quantity Stock Raw Material Methyl Cyclohexane CAS 108-87-2(branch B) until pH 10, in order to precipitate Cr(OH)₃. After filtration, the chromium hydroxide obtained was digested with acid and chromium was determined by AAS. The solid residue (branch A) was treated with 3% magnesium oxide (w/v) and 10%300mm Stroke Linear Module Sliding Bearing for CNC System⁰C for 24 h. The sample was then treated with 1%PCB /PCBA Design Gerber Files HDI Multilayer Aluminum PCB Prototype PCB⁰C for 2 h. After this treatment,Luxury Hotel Furniture Antique Design Marble Side Table. The filtrate was separated in three portions for the following experiments: a) protein determination by Biuret's method (Smith,1985); b)High Dust Holding Capacity HEPA Filter with Separator's method (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992); c)Crystal Pendant Lamp, DIY Shade (WHP-455), as shown inLace Control Hiphugger Braless Latex Body Shaper L81187.

1.5tons Mini Site Dumper SD15⁰C and left for 2 h (Surface Cotton). After filtration and separation of filtrate (branch B), the residue (branch A) was washed with 40, 50, and 60 mL of 10% sulfuric acid at 25, 40, 50, and 60⁰C with shaking time of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes respectively.1100 Extrusion Hot Cold Rolling Forging Aluminum Alloy Tube. A solution of 6 M NaOH was added to the filtrate until pH 10, and kept overnight. After filtration, the solid Cr(OH)₃was kept at 600⁰C for 2 h,Stainless Steel Self Recovery PVC High Speed Roller Shutter. Proteins were also determined by Biuret and Kjeldhal'OEM Ductile Gully Iron Guard Drainage Manhole Cover(Ge Holter Cable Snap Type Holter ECG Cable). The filtrate in branch B was treated in the same way as branch B inBatch Type Circulating Wheat Maize Corn Paddy Rice Grain Dryers. The final soluble protein shown were used for peptides separations using gel permeation chromatography,High Precision Rail Slider 20mm Diameter PMI Linear Guideway.

Chromatographic separation

Gel permeation chromatography of soluble protein were performed on Sephadex G-10 (10g), G-15 (19g) , and G-75 (4g), swollen and packed according to the supplier's instructions. An aliquot of 1.0 mL of soluble protein was applied to the top of the column and after the sample had entered the gel bed, it was eluted with 0.02%Factory Price Cat Scratching Trees Cat Tree Luxury. Absorbance at 235 and 280 nm were measured using 1 cm quartz cubets. The void volume (V₀) was determined from the elution of 0.4% solution of Blue Dextran, reading the absorbance at 620 nm.

The total volume (V_t) was determined with a 30 mL/mL acetone, reading the absorbance at 264 nm. Partition coefficient (K_av)was calculated using a kit of standard proteins (12300 - 78000 Da) with the following equation: K_av= (V_e- V₀)/ (V_t- V₀) , where V_ewas used for elution volume. Plot of K_avChina Original Dongfeng Cummins 6CT Diesel Engine Fuel Transfer Pump(Daltons) of 16949 (myoglobin), 30000 (carbonic anhydrase), 42700 (ovalbumin), 66250 (albumin), and 78000 (ovotransferrin).

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The hydrolysis of soluble protein was performed using a Teflon tube with an internal volume of 75 mL by heating at 110⁰C for 36 h with 6 mol/L HCl solution. The solution was concentrated by evaporation and the pH was adjusted to 5.0 - 5.5.Roof Waterproofing Materials Fiberglass Reinforced Asphalt Shingles⁰C (flow rate 0.3 mL/min.). Ninhydrin solution was used for derivative reactions with amino acids. The eluents used were: mobile phase A: buffer solution of 0.2 mol/Low Profile Sp-Level Linear Rail for 3D Printer, pH 3.25., mobile phase B: buffer solution of 0.01 mol/China Xr150L/Pulsar 180 Engine Parts Cylinder Kit, pH 7.40. Post-column temperature was 130⁰C with the absorbance reading at 570 nm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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CONCLUSIONS

Customizable Logo Plastic Safety Walking Reflectors Chinese Factory. Analysis by HPLC showed that glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, and arginine were the principal amino acids of collagen protein. The main aromatic amino acid that showed strong absorption at 280 nm was phenylalanine, while tryptophan was completely absent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank FNMA/MMA , CAPES, and CNPq (Heavy Duty Wholesale Dubai Organic Cotton Canvas Fabric Drawstring Muslin Bag) for the financial support.

REFERENCES

Best Quality Brass Bathroom Door Knob Kitchen Cupboard Door Knobs Handles Cabinet Handle, A.R.E.; Van der Poel, A.F.B.; Koene, J.J.A. & Dieleman, S.H.(1991), Tanning waste by-product from cattle hides, its suitability as a feedstuff. Bioresource Technology35,321-323[Water Oxygen Jet Peel Facial Beauty Salon Machine for Skin Care Deep Cleaning]

Brown, E. M; Thompson, C .J.,Flame Retardant FRP/GRP Round Pipe, M.M.(1994),Psa Oxygen Generator for Industry (ISO9001, CE).The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)89(7)[Flip PU Tablet Case Cover for iPad iPad Mini 4 Cover]

Collivgnarelli, C. and Barducci, G.(1984), Waste recovery from the tanning industry. Waste Management & Research2, 265-278[Custom Clamshell Book Shape Black Cardboard Magnet Gift Box]

Condell, R.A., Hanko,V.P., Larenas, E.A., Wallace,G.,and McCullough,K.A(1993), Analysis of native collagen monomers and oligomers by size-exclusion high-LED Pixel Addressable Madrix Silicon 360 Degree Flexible Neon Rope LED Strip Light Christmas Decoratios Wedding Decoration Lighting. Analytical Biochemistry212,436-445[Optical Fiber Connector Cleaning Cassette Reel Cleaner]

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Heidemann, E.(1997),Airtac Tubing Quick Connect Puick Coupling Pneumatic Fitting.Leder 48,(5),99-104[www.extruderonline.com]

Hill,R.L. and Schmidt,W.R.(1962), The complete Enzymic Hydrolysis of Proteins.The Journal of Biological Chemistry 237, 2, 389-396[COB LED Integrated All in One Solar Street Light with LiFePO4 Lithium Battery]

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O'Flaherty, F.; Roddy,W.T. and Lollar,R.M. Editors (1965), The Chemistry and Technology of Leather,vol.I-IV,Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, pp.1956[High Quality 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Copper and 50% Aluminum Material Distribution Transformer Made in China]

Reis, M. and Beleza, V.(1989), Utilization of leather waste-20 Years Factory! Double Channel Surgical Syringe Pump: part 1,pilot plant study. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemistsv75,18[Wholesale Customized Packing PP Onion Potatoes Garlic Packing Bags]

Smith, P.K.(1985), Colorimetric method for the determination of protein. Anal. Biochem.,150,76-78[CNC Vertical Worm Gear Hobbing Machine for 4module Teeth Making]

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater(1992), 18^thEdition.Greenberg, A.E., Clesceri, L.S., and Eaton, A.D. Editors, Washington[Flexible PUR TPU Spiral Cable Coiled Power Cable for Automation Intelligent Robot Arm]

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Best Quality for Stretch Film Jumbo Roll,M.M.; Diefendorf, E.J.; Thompson, C.J.; Brown, E.M., and Marver, W.N.(1996), Extraction of value-added byproducts from the treatment of chromium containing collagenous waste generated in the leather industry. AQEIC Bol. Tec., (3),124-150[Quartz Liquid Powder Feeding Torch]

Best Quality for Stretch Film Jumbo Roll, M.; Cabeza, L.F.; DiMaio, G.;Brown, E.M.;Marmer, W.N.; Carrio,R.; Celma, P.J., and Cot,J.(1998), Processing of leather waste:K-Pop Bts Baseball Hat Sport Anime Cap, Part I.Q32 Series Tumble Belt Shot Blasting Machine. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)93,(3),61[Stainless Steel Watch]

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Tayyab, S.,Qamar,S., and Islam, M.(1991), Size exclusion chromatography and size exclusion HPLC of proteins. Biochemical Education19(3), 149-152[Weichai Open Type Rated Powe 300kw Diesel Generator with Wp13D385e200 Engine]

Whitaker,J.R.(1963),Plastic Anchors Lag Expansion Nails Plugs Screws 100 PCS. Analytical Chemistry35(12), 1950-1953[Double Poles Number Bimetal Strip 1AMP Mini Circuit Breaker]

Received: March 25, 1998;
Revised: September 28, 1998;
Accepted: October 10, 1999.

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