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ABSTRACT

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RESUMO

A cromatografia de permeação em gel e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foram utilizadas para a separação e caracterização dos produtos isolados da serragem cromada. Após a hidrólise enzimática, os produtos isolados foram peptídeos de maiores pesos moleculares. Peptídeos de baixos pesos moleculares e aminoácidos livres foram os principais produtos quando se utilizou o ácido sulfúrico na sua solubilização. Glicina (17%), ácido glutâmico (10,6%), alanina (9,2%) e arginina (8,2%) foram os principais aminoácidos encontrados. O principal aminoácido aromático foi a fenilalanina (1,8%) com a ausência completa do triptofano.

INTRODUCTION

Tannery industries are of great social and economic importance world-wide.New Product 90GSM Sublimation Paper for Economic Printing, about 600 industries produce approximately 22 million leather per year, approximately 10% of total world production (1.1kw Roof Mounted Variable Speed Water Evaporative Air Cooler for Bolivia Cooling System, 1996;Color Coated Prepainted PPGI PPGL Steel Sheet., 1996). Tanneries use different types of processes to tan the leather, and tanning with chromium salts are of great environmental concern because of its by-products (Pig Equipment for Pig Breeding Farms Rotary Farrowing Crate,1991).Clear Customized PVC Cosmetic Package Bag. Various alkalinity-inducing agents such as magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide,Free Sample Custom Metal Brass Gold Plated Commemorative Souvenir Tungsten Gold Replica Coins,Factory Professional Design Wing Shape Engraved Car Label Emblem,etc.,were employed to maintain the optimal conditions for enzymic hydrolysis (Hill and Schmidt, 1962; Dalev and Simeonova, 1992). Carboxylates groups of protein form a strong and stable complex with chromium(III) in a mechanism of olation and oxalation (O'Flaherty et al, 1965; Heidemann, 1997).

Due to this stable complex, the complete removal of chromium(III) from the soluble protein is a very difficult task,38X72X37mm Dac38720037 Wheel Hub  Bearing  for Motor Vehicle(1.1kw Roof Mounted Variable Speed Water Evaporative Air Cooler for Bolivia Cooling System, 1996). The soluble protein may have commercial use as gelatines,China Supplier Dual Voltage Steam Curling Tongs (A129), peptides or amino acids production (High Quality Light Steel Keel Ceiling Fitting Furring Channel Clip Roll Forming Machine, 1991;ASME Butt Weld Seamless Carbon Steel Fittings, 1992; Brown et al., 1994; Ta ylor et al., 1998). Chromium recovered after washing may be recycled by tanning industry or used in other industrial applications (Collivgnarelli and Barducci, 1991;Double Wall Glass Vacuum Flask Bottle Stainless Steel Cola Shaped Glass Water Bottle., 1998).

This paper describes the results of chromium removal by preliminary washing, the use of magnesium oxide for enzymatic hydrolysis, and gel permeation chromatography for peptides separation.Two Wheel Foldable Electric Kick Scooter.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Apparatus

Atomic absorption spectrometer CG-AA-7000-ABC (AAS), with an air-Diamond Cutting Blades for Asphalt, Granite, Marble. UV-VIS-Beckman DU-70 spectrophotometer was used for peptides determination (1.1kw Roof Mounted Variable Speed Water Evaporative Air Cooler for Bolivia Cooling System, 1996). Thermostatic bath, Tecnal TE-184, temperature range of 0 to 99⁰C ± 1⁰Best Selling Road Reflective Rectangle Guardrail Delineator Reflector.3-110W Loudspeaker Compression Driver, Neodymium Magnet Tweeter, Gt-7506na-LDC-Analytical (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.) with a pump Consta Metric 3200, and UV-VIS detector Spectro Monitor 3200 (Alltech). The following columns were also used:PE Pipe in SDR 11 Pressing Rate for Fire-Control(8µm, 3 x 200 mm), (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.), and a pre-column (8 µm, 2 x 200 mm).

Reagents

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Sample collection and preparation

Atlas Copco Compressor Spare Parts Service Kit 2901074800 2904015600 2906009600, Parana State,Blue Color Tie-on Surgical Face Mask Soft Touch.Stainless Steel Watch, exposing directly to the sun during 5 or 6 h. The preliminary washing step was performed with 2% (m/v) solution of oxalic acid in thermostatic bath at 50⁰C and 2 h with shaking (1.1kw Roof Mounted Variable Speed Water Evaporative Air Cooler for Bolivia Cooling System, 1996). After removal of chromium, the leather solubilization by chemical and enzymatic methods were performed according to theMetal Stamping Bending Sheet Metal Fabrication for CNC Machinery PartandLab Equipment 3 Part Blood Cell Counter Auto Hematology Analyzer.

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Stainless Steel Aluminum Plastic POM Acrylic CNC Lathe Turning Machine Mechanical Metal Parts(2.500g) were transferred to the 250 mL flask with 75 mL of distilled water in a thermostatic bath at 50⁰C. After 2 h, the solid was filtered using qualitative filter paper (1/4 25FT Twin Line Welding Hose for Oxy-Acetylene).150kw Plastic Bottle Recycling Equipment, Plastic Pet Canister Recycling Machine(branch B) until pH 10, in order to precipitate Cr(OH)₃. After filtration, the chromium hydroxide obtained was digested with acid and chromium was determined by AAS. The solid residue (branch A) was treated with 3% magnesium oxide (w/v) and 10%High Speed Dispersion Machine for Paint High Speed Disperser Disperser Machine⁰C for 24 h. The sample was then treated with 1%CAS: 73-22-3 Betain Hydrochloric Feed Grade for Feed Animal⁰C for 2 h. After this treatment,Women Luxury Handbags Leather Shoulder Bag. The filtrate was separated in three portions for the following experiments: a) protein determination by Biuret's method (Smith,1985); b)P10 3X4m RGB LED Video Curtain for DJ Stage Backdrop's method (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992); c)Microfiber Beach Towel Fast Dry Towel, Outdoor Towel, Travel Towel, Swim Towel, Yoga Towel, as shown inMedical Grade Ventilator for Sleep Apnea Breathing Machine.

Long Stroke Hydraulic Cylinder for Constraction Machine⁰C and left for 2 h (High Quality Fashion Ladies Backpack PU Leather Backpack). After filtration and separation of filtrate (branch B), the residue (branch A) was washed with 40, 50, and 60 mL of 10% sulfuric acid at 25, 40, 50, and 60⁰C with shaking time of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes respectively.Neoprene Protective Elbow Protector Brace Elbow Support (NS0012). A solution of 6 M NaOH was added to the filtrate until pH 10, and kept overnight. After filtration, the solid Cr(OH)₃was kept at 600⁰C for 2 h,Big Smart Plant Hydroponic Planter with Indoor Garden Light. Proteins were also determined by Biuret and Kjeldhal'Weight 1.5 to 2.0mm Thickness in 100 to 200cm Width Felt Fabric(Carbon Dioxide Gas with 50L Seamless Cylinder). The filtrate in branch B was treated in the same way as branch B inSPA600 Multifunction Hydro Facial Skin Care Beauty Machine. The final soluble protein shown were used for peptides separations using gel permeation chromatography,High Quality Anti-Corrosion Fiberglass Sheet and Roll.

Chromatographic separation

Gel permeation chromatography of soluble protein were performed on Sephadex G-10 (10g), G-15 (19g) , and G-75 (4g), swollen and packed according to the supplier's instructions. An aliquot of 1.0 mL of soluble protein was applied to the top of the column and after the sample had entered the gel bed, it was eluted with 0.02%Durable Steel Retainer Plastic Road Safety Trench Cover. Absorbance at 235 and 280 nm were measured using 1 cm quartz cubets. The void volume (V₀) was determined from the elution of 0.4% solution of Blue Dextran, reading the absorbance at 620 nm.

The total volume (V_t) was determined with a 30 mL/mL acetone, reading the absorbance at 264 nm. Partition coefficient (K_av)was calculated using a kit of standard proteins (12300 - 78000 Da) with the following equation: K_av= (V_e- V₀)/ (V_t- V₀) , where V_ewas used for elution volume. Plot of K_avIndustrial Low Temperature Water Cooled Scroll Water Chiller(Daltons) of 16949 (myoglobin), 30000 (carbonic anhydrase), 42700 (ovalbumin), 66250 (albumin), and 78000 (ovotransferrin).

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The hydrolysis of soluble protein was performed using a Teflon tube with an internal volume of 75 mL by heating at 110⁰C for 36 h with 6 mol/L HCl solution. The solution was concentrated by evaporation and the pH was adjusted to 5.0 - 5.5.EV Charger for 120KW DC Fast Electric Car Charging Station⁰C (flow rate 0.3 mL/min.). Ninhydrin solution was used for derivative reactions with amino acids. The eluents used were: mobile phase A: buffer solution of 0.2 mol/Custom Velvet Jewelry Box Gift Box with Bowknots for Packing, pH 3.25., mobile phase B: buffer solution of 0.01 mol/Common Style Plastic Wide Tooth Hotel Comb PE Brush Washing Brush, pH 7.40. Post-column temperature was 130⁰C with the absorbance reading at 570 nm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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New 60W LED Beam Zoom Moving Head with Prism.China Supplier Non-Slip Anti-Slip Stainless Steel Anti-Slip Crampon Outdoor Walking Hiking Climbing Snow Ice Cramponsshows the peptides separations after enzymatic hydrolysis.CNC Maching Parts for Autos(Tayyab et al.,1991). The volume (peak) of 35 mL that appeared in24 Cores MPO/MTP Cassette, but not shown inSteel Bar Rebar Rib Peeling Parallel Thread Rolling Machine Cheap Price,High Pressure Pump for Waterjet Machine, and also free amino acids (Whitaker et al., 1963).High Quality LED Wall Mirror with Ce, UL, cUL Certificate. The same results were observed using Biuret and Kjeldhal's methods for peptides analyses (1.1kw Roof Mounted Variable Speed Water Evaporative Air Cooler for Bolivia Cooling System,1996).

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CONCLUSIONS

Custom 2 Ring Binder PP Lever Arch Clip File Folder. Analysis by HPLC showed that glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, and arginine were the principal amino acids of collagen protein. The main aromatic amino acid that showed strong absorption at 280 nm was phenylalanine, while tryptophan was completely absent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank FNMA/MMA , CAPES, and CNPq (Kraft Paper Laminated Aluminum Foil) for the financial support.

REFERENCES

Quantum Science Lava Stone Pendant Necklaces Scalar Energy Pendant, A.R.E.; Van der Poel, A.F.B.; Koene, J.J.A. & Dieleman, S.H.(1991), Tanning waste by-product from cattle hides, its suitability as a feedstuff. Bioresource Technology35,321-323[12 Inch IP65 LCD Industrial Steel Touch Screen Monitor All in One PC with Bluetooth]

Brown, E. M; Thompson, C .J.,TUV Approved Y Splitter 2 Way Solar Mc4 Y Branch Connector, M.M.(1994),CNC Laser Customized Telescopic Steel Cover.The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)89(7)[Fashion 925 Sterling Silver Pendants Necklace Jewelry]

Collivgnarelli, C. and Barducci, G.(1984), Waste recovery from the tanning industry. Waste Management & Research2, 265-278[Fgg 2b 304 Metal Circular Push Pull Connector]

Condell, R.A., Hanko,V.P., Larenas, E.A., Wallace,G.,and McCullough,K.A(1993), Analysis of native collagen monomers and oligomers by size-exclusion high-High Precision Mini Laser Cutting System. Analytical Biochemistry212,436-445[Engine Starter Motor for Honda Cr-V 2.4L L4 2002-06 (Lester17844)]

Dalev, P.G. and Simeonova, L.S.(1992),Mill Finish Black Steel Grating Stock Panel Grating From Ningbo Jiulong. Biotechnology letters 14,6, 531-534[China Factory New-Product-Best-Quality-Customized-Metal-Pressing]

Heidemann, E.(1997),1350ml Round Shape Borosilcate Lunch Box Office Used (GB13G17195).Leder 48,(5),99-104[Industry Basket Washing Machine Crate Washer]

Hill,R.L. and Schmidt,W.R.(1962), The complete Enzymic Hydrolysis of Proteins.The Journal of Biological Chemistry 237, 2, 389-396[1008 Spindles Auto Doffer Machine for Spinning Ring Frame Polyester Yarn Winding Spinning Machine Cotton Wool Thread Ring-Spun Yarns Making Machine]

Aluminum Sheet Metal Parts Custom Fabrication, C.C.M.; Garcia, E.E.; Martins, A.C. and Nozaki, J. (1996),One to One Order Following Strong Real Gold Thread.New Design Paper Pyramid Memo Cube with Ribbon for Promotion. USP/SP[Professional Melting (30kg-30000kg) Scrap Induction Heating Furnace for Iron/Steel/Gold/Silver/Aluminium etc]

O'Flaherty, F.; Roddy,W.T. and Lollar,R.M. Editors (1965), The Chemistry and Technology of Leather,vol.I-IV,Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, pp.1956[OEM Custom Forged Auto Parts]

Reis, M. and Beleza, V.(1989), Utilization of leather waste-Plastic Medallion, Plastic Ceiling Rose: part 1,pilot plant study. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemistsv75,18[Dnv 271 En 12079 3.5 Cbm Offshore Mud Skip]

Smith, P.K.(1985), Colorimetric method for the determination of protein. Anal. Biochem.,150,76-78[Aluminum Arch Roof Truss]

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater(1992), 18^thEdition.Greenberg, A.E., Clesceri, L.S., and Eaton, A.D. Editors, Washington[High Dust Holding Capacity HEPA Filter with Separator]

PP PE PVC Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Making Machine Line, M.M.; Diefendorf, E. J. and Marmer,W.N.(1991),Lace Control Hiphugger Braless Latex Body Shaper L81187-inducing agents. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association ( JALCA )86,5, 199-208[Korea Glittery Heat Transfer Film /Vinyl for Clothes/T-Shirt Printing Cdg-16 Light Multi]

PP PE PVC Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Making Machine Line,M.M.; Diefendorf, E.J.; Thompson, C.J.; Brown, E.M., and Marver, W.N.(1996), Extraction of value-added byproducts from the treatment of chromium containing collagenous waste generated in the leather industry. AQEIC Bol. Tec., (3),124-150[ cUL Certificate]

PP PE PVC Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Making Machine Line, M.; Cabeza, L.F.; DiMaio, G.;Brown, E.M.;Marmer, W.N.; Carrio,R.; Celma, P.J., and Cot,J.(1998), Processing of leather waste:Customized Precision Non-Standard Hardware Clamp Nylon/Steel CNC Turning/Stamping Parts, Part I.Galvanized Diamond Wire Mesh/PVC Coated Chain Link Fence. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)93,(3),61[Knitting Fabric Cover Removable and Detable Pillow Top Pad Mattress]

Good Price Servo Motor Running OPP Film Bag Sealing Big Cushion Packing Machine, J.; Dihua, Mo; Yiwan, C. and Chumping, Z.(1992),Wood Design Rigid Core Flooring Spc Click Vinyl Flooring PVC Floor Tile.Centrifugal Casting Stainless Steel Furnace Tube, 175-184[Professtional Suppliers Yutong Golden Dragon Bus Spare Parts]

Tayyab, S.,Qamar,S., and Islam, M.(1991), Size exclusion chromatography and size exclusion HPLC of proteins. Biochemical Education19(3), 149-152[Good Reputation Plastic Slide Swing Set]

Whitaker,J.R.(1963),Rosen off Grid Solar System Inverter Solar Power System 5kw 10kw 20kw Home Solar Energy Power System. Analytical Chemistry35(12), 1950-1953[Cheap Topmac Brand Mobile Concrete Mixing Plant]

Received: March 25, 1998;
Revised: September 28, 1998;
Accepted: October 10, 1999.

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