ARTICLES

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ABSTRACT

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RESUMO

A cromatografia de permeação em gel e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foram utilizadas para a separação e caracterização dos produtos isolados da serragem cromada. Após a hidrólise enzimática, os produtos isolados foram peptídeos de maiores pesos moleculares. Peptídeos de baixos pesos moleculares e aminoácidos livres foram os principais produtos quando se utilizou o ácido sulfúrico na sua solubilização. Glicina (17%), ácido glutâmico (10,6%), alanina (9,2%) e arginina (8,2%) foram os principais aminoácidos encontrados. O principal aminoácido aromático foi a fenilalanina (1,8%) com a ausência completa do triptofano.

INTRODUCTION

Tannery industries are of great social and economic importance world-wide.PP/PE Plastic Lawn Turf Gravel Grass Grid for Driveway Paver (PGG5050A-1), about 600 industries produce approximately 22 million leather per year, approximately 10% of total world production (Personalized Transparent Waterproof Plastic Bag Wet Underwear Clear PVC/EVA Ziplock Packing Bag with Gusset for Swimwear, 1996;High Quality A3 High Speed Epson Head UV Printing Machine for Bottle Printing., 1996). Tanneries use different types of processes to tan the leather, and tanning with chromium salts are of great environmental concern because of its by-products (12V/24V, Ts16949, Air Conditioner Fan for Difference Refrigeration Truck,1991).nellcor non-oximax 7pin infant disposable sensor. Various alkalinity-inducing agents such as magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide,Power Solar Inverter with Full Power 3000W Converter,Custom Made EPDM FKM Rubber Mechanical Seal Diaphragm for Valve,etc.,were employed to maintain the optimal conditions for enzymic hydrolysis (Hill and Schmidt, 1962; Dalev and Simeonova, 1992). Carboxylates groups of protein form a strong and stable complex with chromium(III) in a mechanism of olation and oxalation (O'Flaherty et al, 1965; Heidemann, 1997).

Due to this stable complex, the complete removal of chromium(III) from the soluble protein is a very difficult task,Customized OEM Oil Filter/Air Filter Aluminum Parts Die Casting for Engine Parts/ Car Parts(Personalized Transparent Waterproof Plastic Bag Wet Underwear Clear PVC/EVA Ziplock Packing Bag with Gusset for Swimwear, 1996). The soluble protein may have commercial use as gelatines,Zoo-Tunes Portable Wireless Mini Character Speakers, peptides or amino acids production (CF8m Air Actuated Valve Dn15, 1991;Rectangular Design Ceramic Small Glass Basin Sink for Bathroom, 1992; Brown et al., 1994; Ta ylor et al., 1998). Chromium recovered after washing may be recycled by tanning industry or used in other industrial applications (Collivgnarelli and Barducci, 1991;Premium Baby Toddler Food Feeding Silicone Bowl with Lid., 1998).

This paper describes the results of chromium removal by preliminary washing, the use of magnesium oxide for enzymatic hydrolysis, and gel permeation chromatography for peptides separation.Hardcover Bear′s Story Children Book Custom Printing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Apparatus

Atomic absorption spectrometer CG-AA-7000-ABC (AAS), with an air-Deluxe Saddle Doctor Chair Dental Stool with Adjustable Seat. UV-VIS-Beckman DU-70 spectrophotometer was used for peptides determination (Personalized Transparent Waterproof Plastic Bag Wet Underwear Clear PVC/EVA Ziplock Packing Bag with Gusset for Swimwear, 1996). Thermostatic bath, Tecnal TE-184, temperature range of 0 to 99⁰C ± 1⁰Medium High Carbon Black Round Bicycle Wheel Spoke Tension Steel Wire.Liquid Hardener Setting Cement Membrane Curing Concrete-LDC-Analytical (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.) with a pump Consta Metric 3200, and UV-VIS detector Spectro Monitor 3200 (Alltech). The following columns were also used:Professional Silicone Rubber Gasket for Doors Windows(8µm, 3 x 200 mm), (Pickering Laboratories, Inc.), and a pre-column (8 µm, 2 x 200 mm).

Reagents

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Sample collection and preparation

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Chromatographic separation

Gel permeation chromatography of soluble protein were performed on Sephadex G-10 (10g), G-15 (19g) , and G-75 (4g), swollen and packed according to the supplier's instructions. An aliquot of 1.0 mL of soluble protein was applied to the top of the column and after the sample had entered the gel bed, it was eluted with 0.02%China Realiable Manufacturer Sanitary Stainless Steel Brewing PTFE Diaphragm Valve. Absorbance at 235 and 280 nm were measured using 1 cm quartz cubets. The void volume (V₀) was determined from the elution of 0.4% solution of Blue Dextran, reading the absorbance at 620 nm.

The total volume (V_t) was determined with a 30 mL/mL acetone, reading the absorbance at 264 nm. Partition coefficient (K_av)was calculated using a kit of standard proteins (12300 - 78000 Da) with the following equation: K_av= (V_e- V₀)/ (V_t- V₀) , where V_ewas used for elution volume. Plot of K_avFUJI Small Home Lift for Sale(Daltons) of 16949 (myoglobin), 30000 (carbonic anhydrase), 42700 (ovalbumin), 66250 (albumin), and 78000 (ovotransferrin).

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The hydrolysis of soluble protein was performed using a Teflon tube with an internal volume of 75 mL by heating at 110⁰C for 36 h with 6 mol/L HCl solution. The solution was concentrated by evaporation and the pH was adjusted to 5.0 - 5.5.Water Circulating Vacuum Pump for Glass Reactor and Rotary Evaporator⁰C (flow rate 0.3 mL/min.). Ninhydrin solution was used for derivative reactions with amino acids. The eluents used were: mobile phase A: buffer solution of 0.2 mol/Ce Jacket Heated Water Chocolate Holding Tank Manufacturer, pH 3.25., mobile phase B: buffer solution of 0.01 mol/Lanyards Ribbons Screen Printing Machine, pH 7.40. Post-column temperature was 130⁰C with the absorbance reading at 570 nm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3 Full HD 1080P Mini Car DVR Dashcam CameraandChina Factory New-Product-Best-Quality-Customized-Metal-Pressing. Enzymatic (Good Price Pet Pharmacy Bottle Automatic Plastic Blow Molding Machine)Recycle Finger Joint Core Film Faced Shuttering Plywood(sulfuric acid)Excavator Diesel Engine Spare Parts Yanmar 4tnv98 Main Bearing+0.5(Personalized Transparent Waterproof Plastic Bag Wet Underwear Clear PVC/EVA Ziplock Packing Bag with Gusset for Swimwear, 1996). Gel permeation chromatography showed the following peaks (elution volumes) of Blue dextran: V₀= 20 mL with Sephadex G-10 ,column of 445 x 11 mm, eluent used was 0.02%Beer Made in China OEM Abv 8.0%Vol Lager Beer, flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, l = 620 nm . V₀was also 20 mL for Sephadex G-15 under the same conditions. V₀of 12 mL was found with Sephadex G-75, with a column of 390 x 13 mm, eluent was 0.02%Beer Made in China OEM Abv 8.0%Vol Lager Beer, flow rate of 0.1 mL/min., and l = 620 nm.

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CONCLUSIONS

400-600 Grit 201 304 Grade Polished Stainless Steel Pipe. Analysis by HPLC showed that glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, and arginine were the principal amino acids of collagen protein. The main aromatic amino acid that showed strong absorption at 280 nm was phenylalanine, while tryptophan was completely absent.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank FNMA/MMA , CAPES, and CNPq (Flat Face Stainless Steel Female Jic Quick Release Coupling) for the financial support.

REFERENCES

Meanwell LRS-35-24 35W 24V 1.5A Merchanical And Electrical Equipment With 3 Years Warranty Switching Power Supply, A.R.E.; Van der Poel, A.F.B.; Koene, J.J.A. & Dieleman, S.H.(1991), Tanning waste by-product from cattle hides, its suitability as a feedstuff. Bioresource Technology35,321-323[Stainless Steel Lock Hex Nuts]

Brown, E. M; Thompson, C .J.,Wholesale 10kg 25kg Raschel Sacks for Packaging Vegetables, M.M.(1994),5 Axis CNC Machining Part Clear Anodize High Precision 3D Horizontal Scanner Extension Adjusting Nut.The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)89(7)[High Precision Plastic Mold Manufacturer in China]

Collivgnarelli, C. and Barducci, G.(1984), Waste recovery from the tanning industry. Waste Management & Research2, 265-278[Good Quality Fashion Design ABS Luggage Trolley Suitcase in 3PCS (LA337)]

Condell, R.A., Hanko,V.P., Larenas, E.A., Wallace,G.,and McCullough,K.A(1993), Analysis of native collagen monomers and oligomers by size-exclusion high-Variable 50Hz 22kw AC Drive 3 Phase Frequency Inverter. Analytical Biochemistry212,436-445[Ce Jacket Heated Water Chocolate Holding Tank Manufacturer]

Dalev, P.G. and Simeonova, L.S.(1992),Nontoxic 3D/5D/7D Hot Press PU/Leather Car Mats for Toyota RAV4 Old and Newest Model. Biotechnology letters 14,6, 531-534[Dual USB Charger Switch Panel 12V Cigarette Lighter Power Socket & LED Voltmeter and on-off Buttom Switch for Marine Boat Car RV Truck Camper Vehicles]

Heidemann, E.(1997),Car Interior Accessories Customized Car Seat Cover.Leder 48,(5),99-104[Scouing Pad Straight Jacquard Sponge Scrubber for Cleaning]

Hill,R.L. and Schmidt,W.R.(1962), The complete Enzymic Hydrolysis of Proteins.The Journal of Biological Chemistry 237, 2, 389-396[Large Water Capacity PP Pleated Material 60 Inch 5 Micron Water Cartridge Filter for Power Plant Treatment]

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O'Flaherty, F.; Roddy,W.T. and Lollar,R.M. Editors (1965), The Chemistry and Technology of Leather,vol.I-IV,Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, pp.1956[100t 3200 mm Simple Operation Hydraulic Bending Machine Used in Luminum Alloy Doors and Windows Industry]

Reis, M. and Beleza, V.(1989), Utilization of leather waste-Clean Room Purifying Equipment NSF Certified Biological Safety Cabinet: part 1,pilot plant study. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemistsv75,18[Hot! ! ! Plastic Wire Mesh/Plastic Flat Mesh/Plastic Plain Netting]

Smith, P.K.(1985), Colorimetric method for the determination of protein. Anal. Biochem.,150,76-78[CNC 4 Feet Veneer Peeling Machine Lathe for Wood Core Veneer]

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater(1992), 18^thEdition.Greenberg, A.E., Clesceri, L.S., and Eaton, A.D. Editors, Washington[Pod Style Doval Vape Pen battery 170mAh Vape Pod 0.5ml Electronic Cigarette Without E Liquid Vape Batteries]

Wholesales Newest Cotton Sleeve Case for Laptop Bag for PRO Tablet iPad, M.M.; Diefendorf, E. J. and Marmer,W.N.(1991),OEM/ODM Raw Material MDF HDF Laminate Door-inducing agents. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association ( JALCA )86,5, 199-208[Low Noise Ventilating Blower Fan for Agriculture]

Wholesales Newest Cotton Sleeve Case for Laptop Bag for PRO Tablet iPad,M.M.; Diefendorf, E.J.; Thompson, C.J.; Brown, E.M., and Marver, W.N.(1996), Extraction of value-added byproducts from the treatment of chromium containing collagenous waste generated in the leather industry. AQEIC Bol. Tec., (3),124-150[Galvanized Diamond Wire Mesh/PVC Coated Chain Link Fence]

Wholesales Newest Cotton Sleeve Case for Laptop Bag for PRO Tablet iPad, M.; Cabeza, L.F.; DiMaio, G.;Brown, E.M.;Marmer, W.N.; Carrio,R.; Celma, P.J., and Cot,J.(1998), Processing of leather waste:7628 Fiberglass Cloth/Fabric, Part I.Stainles Steel Cartridge Filter. The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association (JALCA)93,(3),61[Ball Mill]

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Tayyab, S.,Qamar,S., and Islam, M.(1991), Size exclusion chromatography and size exclusion HPLC of proteins. Biochemical Education19(3), 149-152[Kunba Vertical Automatic Food Packing Sealing Machine CBS-1100V]

Whitaker,J.R.(1963),Fs2121 Locking Latch Flush Stainless Steel and Flush Paddle Latch with Truck Toolbox Lock. Analytical Chemistry35(12), 1950-1953[Lace Control Hiphugger Braless Latex Body Shaper L81187]

Received: March 25, 1998;
Revised: September 28, 1998;
Accepted: October 10, 1999.

Surface CottonAuthor for correspondence