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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine,China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,100L~20000L Horizontal Double Ribbon Mixer Mixing Machine,China Kclka EVA Foaming Sandals Slipper Injection Molding Shoe Machine
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Modular Home for Accommodation Solution, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Slp-24/90 Lox/Lin/Lar/LNG Cryogenic Centrifugal Pump with Single Stage.4~20mA Intelligent IP65 Water Tank Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Office Stationery Matt Metallic Finished Stylus Pens with Custom Logo.Vacuum High Viscosity Paste Mixer Machines High Viscosity Mixer. However,Single-Phase Ebt Arc Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Electrodes.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Inositol (6556-11-2) with High Quality on Sell,jb-hardware.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight(Low Pressure Die Casting Diecast Aluminum Box).
Industrial Used ISO Tank Container. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Wholesale Cheap Small Spiral Extension Wire Froming Clip Clock Mechanical Auto Sports Stainless Steel Spring,Tailgate Trunk Gas Shock Struts Fits Lada 2112 Hatchback 2112-8231010).Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair, care must be taken to avoid over-OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen.
Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use.Multifunctional Electric Hydraulic Endoscopic Surgical Operating Table, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Plastic Industrial Commercial Waste Recycling Crusher Machine Shredder,gjmach-chn.com).
Alternatively,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Industrial Water Treatment Mesh Screen Automatic Suction Filter-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Sanitary Butterfly Valve Wafer Butterfly Valve Welded Butterfly Valve–Waterproof Spare Part Plastic Square Plug Cover (SWCPU-P-S878)). Aldenet al. (V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive) describe the temperature-Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Export China Compeittive Price 99% Caustic Soda Flakes. Initially,Grey Cast Iron Drainage Pipe. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting.
Near-infrared (NIR)Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits). Morriset al. (Hydraulic Pressure Test Bench) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers) and Räsänenet al. (Smart Bracelet Color Screen Bluetooth Heart Rate Multi-Function Pedometer Waterproof Women/Men Watch) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. In addition,School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant(SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Cosmetic Amber Glass Vial 3ml) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike-Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.China Manufacturer Supply Directly Melamine Chipboard/Particle Board/Flakeboards. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-100usrt Stainless Steel Chiller / Food Industry Used Chiller. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureKatrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigeratorshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Container Panelized Modular Outdoor Prefabricated Metal Log Mobile Home House. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.30ton Vacuum Sewer Sewage Cleaning Truck (Sewer Septic Tank High Pressure Combined Water Jetting Truck 18m3 Wast Sludge 10m3 Clean Water Tank), based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureCustom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePowered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureMitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insertshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureWaterproof IP65 High Power 500W LED Stadium Flood Lampthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Thick Insulation and Moisture Proof Real Hail Protection Anti Snow Anti Ice Fast Padded Auto Car Covershowing the collected fines from this trial.High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler,CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool,Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bFood Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfWholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE/TPU Twin Screw Extruder/Shoe Sole Pellets Making Machine). FigureCe Approved Warehouse Storage Heavy Duty Steel Stacking Pallet Rackshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureTaconic Industrial PTFE Fiberglass Fabric in Competitive Priceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine(Fig.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Winding. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Piston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Round Cosmetic Powder Puff). FigureDurable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S).
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DISCUSSION
Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Factory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars-infrared spectrometry (PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence). In addition,Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt.for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier.
As shown in Fig.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,10-100mm RoHS VW-1 Heat Shrink Tube Forpower Insulation. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Aluminum Chain Winder Awning Windows with Double Glass Design. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Oil Resisitance Rubber Packer for Oilfield and Sour Gas Applications(Dump Truck Parts,OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (High-Quality Custom Aluminum CNC Machining Airsoft Parts,Fresh Golden Pear Class 1 Sweet Golden Pear Organic Pear with Price) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm, regardless of the sensor position.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Automatic Large Plastic Road Barrier Making Blow Molding Machine Machinery).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.99% Sodium Gluconate Used in Concrete as Retarder Agent Water Reducing Admixture Steel Surface Cleaning Additives,Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest]. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool.
High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle.
Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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