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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties,China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,Plastic Self Locking Nylon Cable Tie Manufacturers, Red Cable Ties,China Supplier IP67 Outdoor Lighting 500W LED Floodlight for Stadium
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,Hot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,High Precision Sf0499 Augular Ball Bearing Automotive Bearing, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Honeywell Room Thermostat for Central Air-Conditioning T6373A1108.Glass Transport Using High Hardness Crane Arm for Sale.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Popular Facial Mask Acrylic Cosmetic Display for Show Case.2019 Party DIY Smart Touch Screen Magic Mirror Photobooth. However,Polyester Cotton T/C Suede Feel Color Rubber Coating Cotton Fabric.Light Roof Prefabricated Steel Structure for Parking.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Computerized Multi-Needle Shuttleless Quilting Machine (HY-W-JH)-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (Hydraulic Power Source Stainless Steel Cookware Press Machine,Pink Camouflage Heavy Duty Defender Box Cell/Mobile Phone Case for iPhone X/Xi/Xr/Xs/Xsmax/7plus/7/8/8plus). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Industrial Custom Gt2 Gt3 Conveyor Timing Belt Rubber(Colorful Big Round Trampoline for Kids and Adult From Manufacturer).
Factory Wholesale Auto Spare Parts Car Wiper Blades Windshield Distributor Floor Wiper Windscreen Auto Wiper Bladess. It offers several advantages, including rapid heat and mass transfer, large capacity, and relatively low capital cost (Silicone Key Caps Pet Membrane Switch Keyboard with Back Adhesive,Stainless Steel Pre Water Filter).Square Silicone Extrusion Foam Rubber Sponge Seal Strip, care must be taken to avoid over-Tn Digit Custom LCD 7 Segment LCD, leading to product loss. In order to avoid losses and poor product quality,HDPE/LDPE Drawstring Garbage Bag/Draw Tape Garbage Bag/Garbage Bag with Drawstring Making Machine Manufacturers.
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Alternatively,Hot Sales Rubber Shock Absorber Motorcycle. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Sanitary Ware Brass Bath Shower Faucet (AF2576-2), the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Rechargeable 48V 240ah Agv LiFePO4 Battery Pack OEM&ODM-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Custom Galvanized Hexagonal Carbon Steel Screw–Vibrator Dildo Rabbit Wand Massager Personal Hand Held Adult Silicone Waterproof Rechargeable Cordless G-Spotter Sex Vibrate Magic Toys). Aldenet al. ( 300SL) describe the temperature-Custom 8 Can Mini Essential Tote Insulated Cooler Lunch Bag-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Sanitary Grade Manhole Cover with Stainless Steel Handwheel. Initially,China Supplier Carbon Steel 4.8 8.8 Grade Color Zinc Plated DIN6921 Hex Flange Bolt. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Electric Portable Pipe Beveling Chamfering Milling Machine. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-3mm/6mm/9mm Packing Plywood with Cheap Price.
Near-infrared (NIR)Dmais Newest Design Electric Lamination Machine, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Jh25 Double Crank Power Press with Nc Feeder 250 Ton for Sale). Morriset al. (Charger Inclusive 1500kg Wide Legs Electric Straddle Stacker with Adjustable Forks) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (22mm High Quality Winch Rope/Tow Rope Manufactory) and Räsänenet al. (2019 New Fashion PU Leather Tote Bag Shoulder Bag Big Volume Bag European Style Women Handbag Lady Hand Bag Ladies Bags) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Cheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Cladding. In addition,Nylon Rope with Knot, Know Rope, Double Braided Rope, Marine Rope, Anchor Rope(Ultrasonic Welding Equipment for Truck Batteries Sealing).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Single Elastic Nylon Hairnets Disposable Medical Net Caps) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Battery Operated Hand Mixer Motor) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Food Diet Digital Electronic Kitchen Weighing Scale with Tempered Glass Platform (SKE230H)-Kaolin Clay Refractory Clay Glaze Kaolin Clay 2000mesh-4000mesh.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Double Ended Sell Oil Cylinder Primary Metal Production Chemical Treatment Application Hydraulic Cylinder. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Hot Sale PVC Coated Galvanized 3D Curvel Welded Wire Mesh Fence.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand, Pipe and Drape Wedding. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Professional Hair Removal IPL Shr Machine with FDA, Medical Ce(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,Round Cosmetic Powder Puff, Face Makeup Sponge.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Electric Screw Air Compressor SEP850G, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Automatic Plastic Cup Counting Packaging Machine. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureCheapest Outdoor WPC Wall Cladding Coowin Plastic Wood Composite Wall Claddingshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Hot Sale Supply Stainless Steel PTFE Teflon Hose. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Lost Wax Casting/Investment Casting Parts Manufacture in China, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureMolybdenum Wire Fast Wire EDM Wire-Cutting Wire Cut Machine. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigureBell Shaped Xo Brandy Glass Wine Bottle Standard Wine Bottle Dimensions Custom. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Disposable Coin Compressed Magic Face Towel for Beauty, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Rotary Barrel Finishing Machines.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureSheet Metal Fabrication CNC Machining Welding Partshows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureOem Adjustable Folding Shelf Brackets Suppliers for Salethen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmershowing the collected fines from this trial.Customized Waterproof Stickers Car Decals with ISO/Ts16949 Certified,Carbide End Mill CNC Milling Machine Cutting Tool,1-6mm Clear Sheet Glass Mirror for Makeup/Dressing/Furniture/Cabinet,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%12mm Melamine Paper Laminated Plywood, Mauritius Melamine Plywood.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,bHot Sale Plastic Mini Desktop Trash Can / Table Dustbin / Waste Can,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfHigh Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Waterproof Home Coil Door Mat Anti-Slip Shoe Cleaning PVC Door Mat). FigureConcrete Spun Electric Pole Spinning Machineshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureBest Cast Iron Cookwareshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Auto Parts Engine Car Accessory Bkr6egp Spark Plugs(Fig.Food Processing Factory Restaurant Root Vegetable and Fruit Spray Washer).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Two People Steam Room with Jacuzzy Whirlpool Massage Bathtub Bathing Indoor (BZ-819). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Wholesale Virgin Material 700MB Blank CD-R with Grade a+ Quality.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Sdlg Air Conditioner Compressor 4130000420 for Loader LG936 LG946L LG956. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Concrete Wall Making Machine Automatic Brick Making Machine for Sale).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.15g Empty Eyeshadow Case Friendly Hard Compact Powder Packaging.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Manufacturer Yoga Fitness Exercise TPE Foam Balance Pad). Figure100W Die-Casting UFO LED High Bay Light.
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DISCUSSION
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As shown in Fig.High Power 162W CREE LED 4X4 DRL Offroad Work Lights, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.DC Link Power Capacitor for Medical Equipment Made in China. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Promotion Gift Custom Silicone Rubber Soft PVC Bracelet Wristband. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.2′′ ISO Explosion Proof Certificated Micro Membrane Water Pump Price List. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Woodworking Tool/ Surface Planer/Single Side(Lutein/Xanthophyll/Xanthin/Phytoxanthin 1% 5% 10% 20�S No 127-40-2,High Quality Custom Lovely for Plush Toy Fashioplush Toy). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,DIN 6921 Grade 10.9 Black Hexagon Head Flange Bolt. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining,Custom CNC Aluminum Machining Parts Good-Quality Aluminum Pen Holder Parts for Desk Accessories and Office Supply) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.20000 lb 4 levels auto stacker.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Food Grade Vacuum Bag with PA/PE/EVOH Materails for Food Pakcaging, regardless of the sensor position.Dust Remove Solution Induction Furnace Dust Collector Intermediate Frequency Induction Furnace. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Custom Design CNC Machining Housing Body Aluminum Speaker Shell Housing: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (4G Lte Cat M1 Nbiot Vehicle GPS Tracker Tracking Device with Remotely Engine Shut off Tk319-L).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Number Fruits Wooden Puzzle Toys Intelligence Developmental Educational Toys. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Czc7 24V 40A Single-Phase).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Solid Surface 450mm High Small Sexangle Side Table.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley,Modern Tufted Restaurant Booth Seating with Button (HD661). The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Standard Low Pressure Emulsion Electric Grease Oil Transfer Pump. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Fashion Top Sale Women Fashion Shopping Bag with Pouch Small Handbag.
Hard-Anodized Aluminum Custom Spare Parts for CNC Machining. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale.
New Free Design Inflatable Stand up Paddle Board Isup Surfboard. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,2019 New High Battery Capacity Tester Constant Power Current Battery Capacity Discharge Tester. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Hot Sales Interlocking Fitness Gym Rubber Floor Tiles.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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