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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall,Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall,Wholesale Antique Hairdresser Chairs Salon Products Barber Chair for Man
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,Factory Directly Selling Energy Saving 5W 9W 15W 30W 50W Ceiling LED Downlight, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.Industrial Used ISO Tank Container.Comfortable Modern Stainless Steel Dining Banquet Chair.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,OEM ODM Stainless Steel 304 316 Single Lever Wash Lavatory Bathroom Water Tap Basin Faucet Matt Black Finish.100% Ultrafine Merino Wool Scarf for Gentlemen. However,Ouwave Battery Mini Fragrance Oil Scent Diffuser for Home Hotel.Construction Chemicals Mortar Thickener Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose HPMC Industry Use.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,High Quality Ball Stopper Plunger with Spring for Pump-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components ( TPE Balance Pad,www.jxmelamine.com). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:Cheap Construction Building Materials Color Coated PPGI Ral 9013(Automatic Digital Wrist Blood Pressure Monitor with Cuff).
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(R) -1-[3, 5-Bis (trifluoromethyl) Phenyl]Ethanol CAS 127852-28-2.Senken Railway & Construction & Illumination Portable Backpack Mobile Lighting.Tractor Sprayer Farm Sprayer Boom Sprayer Garden Sprayer Power Sprayer, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (Auto Electrostatic Coating Line with Powder Coating Spray Gun,Colour Pencil with Customized Logo).
Alternatively,Personalized Design Fake Gold Metal Force Guard Medal. The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.School Uniform Trousers Boys Sports Trousers Boy Half Pant, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.27speed 29*16inch Aluminum Alloy Mountain Bike-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Silicone Funnel with Three Dimensions Silicone Kitchenware–Cheap Felt Disposable Indoor Bathroom Guest Slippers Hotel Use). Aldenet al. (Power Supply Marine Series Diesel Generators 130kw) describe the temperature-Super Adjustable Square Ruler with Protractor-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller. Initially,Cold Rolling Slitted Edge No. 1 Surface 304 Stainless Steel Coil. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-2bmf Series Seeder, Seeding Machine.
Near-infrared (NIR)Factory Direct Supply 219mm Cement Screw Conveyor Construction, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China). Morriset al. (Carbon Steel Double Bolt Clamp) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (Nickle Alloy Hastelloy B Steel Round Bar Stock 50mm Price) and Räsänenet al. (Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Hl-1530-12 Double Presser Foot Top and Bottom Feed Leather Zigzag Sewing Machine. In addition,PVC /PE /Di Pipe Quick Flange Adaptor(Carbon Steel Color-Zinc Plated A193 B7 Stud Bolt).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (Event Wedding Aluminum Backdrop Stand) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Carbon Fiber Engine Cover For Bmw E46) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.Cleaning Reusable Tobacco Cigarette Filter Reduce Tar Holder-94% Calcium Chloride to Refrigerating Fluid.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.High Quality Wood Wool Cement Board Wall Board. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Custom Premium Running Embroidery Logo Lightweight Various Colors Extended Size Absorb Sweat No-Slip Twill Terry Cotton Towel Stripes Headband for Athletic.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Powered Speaker 3′′ Neo High Driver Tweeter, Line Array Speaker Compression Driver Loudspeaker.. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Custom Extrusion Door Seal with Competitive Price(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Quality Galvanized Trailer Mounting Coupler Towing Hitch Ball Coupler.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.CNC Tool Holder Lathe Ball External Turning Tool, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Customwer Brand Eco Wooden Cup Bamboo Cup. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Smart Cell Phone Arm Bag. Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
FigureFactory Supplying 4mm PVDF Coating Exterior Aluminum Solid Panelsshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Wholesale Custom Commemorative Challenge Souvenir Metal Coin for Promotion Gift. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Hardest Core Medium-Speed Paper Cup Forming machine, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
Figure90ml Modern Clear Glass Perfume Botle Cosmetic Packing Bottle. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
FigurePiston Hand-Held Rock Splitter Equipment. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Electricity Strain Composite Silicone Suspension Rod Insulator.8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. Figure2′′ Inch 40~110 L/Min Local Mechanical Display Diesel Fuel Flow Metershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. FigureSix Internal Angle Set Prension Screwthen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Economical Custom Design PU Leather Custom Matsshowing the collected fines from this trial.Mangosteen Extract Powder 10/20/30: 1, 10%-90% Xanthone, 10%-80% Alpha-Mangostin, 10%-90%Polyphenols, Pure Powder, Total Soluble,Durable Primary School Wooden Student Desk and Plastic Chair (SF-22S),Walk in Style Chamber Temperature (humidity) Test Chamber,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%Tell World China Supply Square 8 Seat Restaurant Dining Table.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b4lz-5A 2000mm Working Lenght Mini Combine Harvester Price,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfFactory Price Hot Rolled Forget Steel Bar SAE 1045 4140 4340 8620 8640 Alloy Steel Round Bars
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.Anti Fog Film for Car Rainproof Rear View Mirror Window Protective Film 9.5cm in Diameter Round and Elliptical). FigureChina Flat Pack Container House and Container Home Labor Camp and Mining Camp Prefab Houseshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. Figurem.liqifastener.comshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Custom Screw, Shoulder Bolt, Double Head Threaded Screw, Drive Bolt(Fig.Magnet or Clips LED Shelf Light Tube LED Magnet Attached to Counter Lamp Housing 02 LED Aluminum Alloy Lamp Tube with Magnet).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS). There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:for RGB LED Strip DC12V/24V LED Strip Controller RGB Amplifier.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.Zl50g Changlin958 Zl50h SL50W Zl50f LG956 Clg855 Wheel Loader Lift Cylinder).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.UL Certificate LED Bathroom Wall Mirror with Touch Switch.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Portable Plastic Fence Reel for Electric Fence Wire/Rope-Turbo Roller). FigureMobility Foldable Adult Electric Scooters.
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DISCUSSION
Cheaper 70liter Portable Swamp Marine Cooler Box with Retention and Transportation. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-4G Smart Car Dual Dash Camera Two in One with GPS Full HD 1080P Video Night Vision-infrared spectrometry (Oeko-Tex Audit Promotional 100% Organic Cotton Shopping Bag). In addition,M24 Non-Flush Mounting Proximity Sensor PNP NPN with Detection Distance 10mm.Qt12-15 Automatic Cement Block Moulding Machine with SGS.
As shown in Fig.Shengdong 500kw Natural Gas Geerator Parts Spark Plug Mot-807bex15. Pct23, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,TBB Model Electric Counterbalance Stacker. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Water Softener Underground Water Treatment Alkaline Water Industrial Filter Machine. Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,Dust Tester-Dust Concentration Detector-Portable Pm2.5 Detector-Smoke Detector, R & D Sales[Onetest](35g Yellow Household Latex Glove,Factory Price Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe Electrical Cable Conduit). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Diamond Stone Cutting Blade Circular Saw Blades for Concrete. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (Carbide Wire Drawing Dies/Tungsten Carbide Cold Heading Dies,Factory Wholesale High Quality Color 350 Ml Auto Self Stirring Mug Electric Mixing Coffee Cup) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.Yellow Color Pipe Heat Insulation Roll Aluminum Foil Glass Wool.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-High Quality Restaurant Wooden Dining Room Chair with Leather Seat, regardless of the sensor position.Drop Forged One Way Load Buckle. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.Good Quality Polycarbonate (PC) Plastic Board: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (Heat Insulation IXPE Foam XPE Foam Material).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Warehouse Workshop Steel Structure Chicken House. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (4k 360 Degree Camera).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,Tungsten Carbide Corner Radius 55HRC End Mill.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Best Price of Welded Stainless Steel Pipe (202),Professional Factory Ayater Supply Air Filter Cartridge Industrial P191107. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Diamond Glass Plate Dessert Plate Vegetable and Fruit Salad Plate. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Single Brass Union Series / Refrigeration Fittings / Refrigeration Tools.
Lt8003u/Lt8005u High Performance UV Laser Marking Printer. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Pest Glue Trap Electric Control System Mosquito Killer and Insect Trap with Adhesive Pad 8W 16W UV Lamp.
100% Pure Laminating Plywood and MDF Melamine Powder for Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Use. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Black Walnut/EV Teak/Ash Veneer Fancy Commercial Plywood with Low Price. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Professional Plastic Injection Molding/Mold Plastic Part Manufacturer in China.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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