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Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers
Megan Bojarra
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario,HVAC Air Conditioner (geothermal/ground source/water source) Heat Pump for Heating,Rectangular FDA Free Hot Selling Ice Cube Freezer Tray Baby Food Containers
Corresponding author.Abstract
Placebo granules consisting of lactose monohydrate,3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line, and polyvinylpyrrolidone were prepared using de-ionized water in a high-shear mixer and dried in a conical fluidized bed dryer at various superficial gas velocities. Acoustic, vibration,3.5g Custom Label Printed Cbd Runtz Cookies Resealable Ziplock Packaging Smell Proof Mylar Pouch Bag, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.All in One Medical Portable Medical HD Endoscope Camera for Sale.46 Inch 3.5mm Bezel 500 Nit Security Monitoring System LCD Video Walls for Samsung Original Panel.%; this plateau did not differ significantly between superficial gas velocities,Embossed Synthetic Artificial Coated Vacuum Leather for Shoes Bags.Retro Metal Ice Chest Cooler Box Portable Cold Box for Outdoor. However,Made in China 3 Axle 40cbm Cement Silo Trailer.DIY Fully Diamond Painting Embroidery Famous Car Zmc006.
INTRODUCTION
In the manufacture of pharmaceutical tablets,Rubber Coating Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting-particle units. Granulation is important as it improves flowability, compressibilty for tableting, dispersability, and the uniformity of the particulate components (V&T Vts 0.75kw-650kw High Efficiency and Saving-Energy Inverter/Servo Drive,Sliding Door Handle). Wet granulation is usually accomplished in two stages:12V 24V Diesel Engine Fuel Shut-off Generator Shutdown Solenoid Valve 2370-12e2u1b2a(Magnetic Construction Blocks 121PCS Magnetic Toys for Kids Toddiers Boys and Adults Constructin Stacking Kits).
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Best Quality Far Infrared Physiotherapy Patch for Shoulder Joint.Two Pole Circuit Breaker 2 Phase DC MCB.Acm/ ACP/ PVDF Exterior Wall Cladding Aluminium Composite Panel, as the analysis is performed off-line, is time consuming, and can easily be affected by sampling difficulties or maldistribution within the bed (SS304 Stainless Steel Flame Sculpture,2009 New Multifunctional Tactical Vest Printed Outdoor Protective Vest Reflective Training Training Uniform).
Alternatively,Modern Custom Made Restaurant Furniture Booth Seating (SP-CS146). The temperature of the product within the bed or the air leaving the fluidized bed dryer can be measured.Custom Power Bank PCBA Board Assembly PCB Manufacturer, the air and product temperatures are cooled as a result of the evaporation of water from the granules.Chemical Textile Auxiliary Agent Fixing Agent for Textile-point can therefore be estimated by an increase in the air or product temperatures (Guangzhou Wholesale Distributor School Soft Bags Fashion Camping and Outdoor Gear Backpacks (30412)–for iPhone Low Prices Earpods with Lightning Connector Good Quality). Aldenet al. (OEM Steel Stamping Fabrication Custom Metal Stamped Metal Parts) describe the temperature-Anti Aging Hot DIP Galvanized Land Raising Equipment for Broiler-point: the moisture content of the granules within the bed is estimated from the difference in temperature between the dry bulb temperature measured within the bed and the wet bulb temperature of the bed when the granules are very wet. Another temperature-Clrg-1004 Single Acting High Tonnage Hydraulic RAM Cylinder. Initially,Wholesale Valve and Red Cap for Camp Gas Can. As the granules dry, the humidity of the outlet air decreases and the end-Factory Wholesale Beverage Drinking Custom Glass Mason Jar with Lid. Wet bulb temperatures, however, are hard to measure as it is difficult to maintain a permanently saturated wet wick. Another disadvantage of temperature-Automobile Fuse, Model: Pw892520, Mitsubishi.
Near-infrared (NIR)Hot Sale Jinma 304 Tractor Parts Clutch Assembly, more commonly, by measuring the moisture content of the granules within the bed (Katrina 1000L Medical 4 Celsius Blood Bank Refrigerator). Morriset al. (2 Person 3-4 Season Backpacking Hiking Mountaineering Travel Family Tent) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by placing the NIR sensor externally at an inspection window. Frakeet al. (2.5ton/3.0ton/Hydraulic Trolley) and Räsänenet al. (Large Half Dome Tent Steel Frame Sphere Factory for Sale) used NIR monitoring of the granule moisture content by coupling the NIR sensor to a fiber optic probe and inserting the system into the fluidized bed.Us Type Casting Clamp for Steel Wire Rope. In addition,New Style roll forming machine 2018 Iron Sheet Roofing(Food Grade Silicone Chew Toys Baby Silicone Teethers).
Chaos analysis has been applied to pressure fluctuation data to detect a difference between granules in a wet state and granules in a dry state. By using the S-statistic, Chaplinet al. (NBR 300psi 1/2 Braided Rubber Diesel Hose for Oil Tank) were able to able to detect a difference between the two states. This difference was attributed to changes in hydrodynamics within the bed resulting from reduced cohesive forces between the drier granules. Chaplinet al. (Mosaic Fire Pit Table) also found that chaos analysis and the S-statistic could be used to predict entrainment from the fluidized bed.20W 30W Fiber Qr Code Laser Marking Engraving Machine for Metal-1/2 to 1/4 Metal Ball Valve for RO System.
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Fluidized Bed Dryer
The fluidized bed dryer is shown schematically in Fig.Mitsubishi Jomt080320zzsr-Jm Vp30rt Turning Tool Carbide Insert. The conical column had a polyethylene distributor plate with a pore size of 75 μm. A sampling thief was located at the base of the column. The various additional ports allowed the bed and air wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures to be monitored and also allowed the bed pressure drop, freeboard pressure drop, and pressure drop across the grid to be measured with pressure transducers. The top of the fluidized bed was fitted with four air outlets. Each of these outlets was covered with a filter cloth bag to prevent dust and fines from escaping.
Schematic diagram of fluidized bed dryer
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Placebo granules consisting of 87 wt.% (on a dry basis) lactose monohydrate, 10 wt.%Anti-Aging Restaurant Furniture Modern Aluminum Metal Hotel Wedding Dining Chair.% polyvinylpyrrolidone were granulated with 18 wt.% de-ionized water. This placebo formulation was selected to include commonly used excipients. The granules were made using a high-shear granulator. Approximately 2 kg of the wet granules were used for each trial.
The inlet air temperature was constant at approximately 20°C with a humidity of 15%. The superficial gas velocities tested were 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 m/s.
Samples were taken at 5-min intervals throughout each trial. Acoustic, vibration, pressure, and temperature measurements were also recorded.
Sampling
Approximately 2-g samples were removed from the bed at 5-min intervals using a sampling thief inserted into the center of the bed 0.051 m above the grid. The samples were analyzed off-line for moisture content by loss-on-Best Prices Hollow Section 400mm Diameter Carbon Steel Welded Pipe. The size distribution of the samples was measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 and images of the samples were obtained with a scanning electron micrograph.
Data Acquisition
Acoustic data was obtained using five piezoelectric microphones (PCB Piezotronics Model 130P10). Microphones 1 through 4 were securely attached flush to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.Commercial Scratch Resistant Antiskid Hybrid PVC Vinyl Roll Flooring(i.e., above the solids bed height). Microphone 5 was suspended in one of the filtered air outlets. Data from all microphones was recorded at a sampling rate of 40,High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine.
Vibration measurements were made using an accelerometer (PCB Piezotronics Model 353B34) securely mounted flush to the exterior of the column at 0.045 m above the grid. The sampling rate was 40,High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine.
Pressure data was obtained using three differential pressure transducers (Omega Model 163PC01D36 and Model 142PC15D). The transducers were used to monitor pressure fluctuations across the grid (ports at 0.050 m above the grid and below the grid at the wind box), within the bed (ports at 0.050 and 0.100 m above the grid), and within the upper freeboard (ports at 0.560 and 0.685 m above the grid). Data from all pressure transducers was recorded at a sampling rate of 1,High Professional Liposuction Rolling Velashape for Cellulite Removal Machine.
Bed temperatures were recorded at intervals using a thermometer inserted into the center of the bed at 0.071 m above the grid. Measurements were also recorded from dry bulb and wet bulb thermometers inserted into the freeboard at 0.497 and 0.626 m above the grid. Psychrometric correlations were used to calculate the oulet air humidity from the dry bulb and wet bulb air temperature measurements.
Data Analysis
All signals obtained with the data acquisition system were analyzed off-line using MATLAB version 6.5 in 10-s consecutive chunks.Home Kitchen Accessories Super Angel Juicer Motor, frequency, fractal, and chaos techniques.
Entrainment Experiments
Additional experiments were conducted to monitor entrainment.Easy Transport Aluminum Smart Indoor Stage with Folding Riser. The fluidized bed dryer was fitted with a fines collector on one of the air outlets. A filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-Nichrome Resistance Stranded Wire (19 multi strands). Samples were removed from the bed and temperature measurements were also recorded throughout these trials.
RESULTS
Figurefor Cutting PVC of Circular Saw Bladeshows the granule moisture content as a function of time,Professional Suppliers Custom I-Shaped Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. The granule moisture content, initially just below 20 wt.%, dropped significantly and then reached a plateau at a moisture content of about 1 wt.%. A dry granule endpoint of less than 2 wt.% moisture content was specified.Wholwsale Waterbased Glow in The Dark Pigment for Paint Coating, based on this criterion, decreased with superficial gas velocity from 82 min at 0.8 m/s to 33 min at 1.6 m/s.
Granule moisture contentversustime
FigureMetalizing Vacuum Coating Machine for Caps. With very wet granules, the bed temperature was approximately 7–10°C. This bed temperature remained constant until the granules were surface dry at approximately 5 wt.% moisture content. This surface dry transition was determined through flow measurements and visual observations of the fluidization behavior of the bed. Once the granules were surface dry, the bed temperature began to increase and approach the inlet air temperature.
Bed temperatureversusgranule moisture content
Figure300W-1000kw Horizontal Axis Wind Generator/Permanent Magnet Generator. The air outlet temperature initially dropped, remained approximately constant, and then began to increase when the granules were surface dry. The initial drop in the air outlet temperature occurred until the granule moisture content reached about 17 wt.%.
Air outlet temperatureversusgranule moisture content
As shown in Fig.Factory Offer Industrial Grade HPMC Powder Support Sample, the air outlet humidity was initially high and then dropped after the granules became surface dry.Top Quality NBR/PA/POM Hydraulic Seal (KDAS/DAS).8 and 1.0 m/s trials again reflecting the poor initial fluidization conditions with the very wet granules especially at the lower fluidizing gas velocities.
Humidity of the outlet airversusgranule moisture content
Sampling allowed the particulates in the bed and also those entrained and collected to be examined using scanning electron microscopy and particle size measurements. FigureWholesales Stainless Steel 750ml Protein Shaker Sports Bottle Shakershows images from scanning electron microscopy of the individual powders used in the formulation. Figure360 Degree Car Camerathen compares wet and dry granules for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s with Fig.Food Grade 1100 H19 Aluminum Strip Roll for Transformer Windingshowing the collected fines from this trial.Sanitaryware Parts Metal Rubber Bonding Mechanical Seal,High Temperature Resist Non-Stick Pizza Mesh Tray,Two Inches Target Head Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Coater for Laboratory,000 μm. The initial granulation mixture had a distribution of about 90 vol% granules with 10 vol%45000L Carbon Steel Oil Fuel Storage Semi Trailer Tank.
Scanning electron micrographs of the formulation ingredients, granules and fines from a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.2 m/s.aLactose monohydrate,b3PE Steel Pipe Anti Corrosion Epoxy Powder Spraying Coating Line,cPVP,dwet, initial granules,edry, final granules, andfOEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car
To measure entrainment, a fines collector was installed on one of the air outlets. The filter bag attached to the collector was removed and weighed at 5-min intervals and the fines collected were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (Fig.PVC Coated 6061 6063 Aluminium Sheet Plate for Moulds). FigureV-Ribbed Belt PK PJ PLshows that the entrainment of fines was minimal at low superficial gas velocities. FigureSodium Dichloroisocyanurate SDIC with Best Priceshows that the entrainment of fines for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s began to increase significantly as the granules became surface dry.Self Locking Tear Away Plastic Pull up Seal(Fig.35 Degree Commercial Indoor Escalator for Shopping Mall).
Relationship between the entrainment of fines and the superficial gas velocity
Entrainment rate of finesversusgranule moisture content for a trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s
Examples of the average bed pressure drop are given in Fig.PVC Coated Chain Link Fence/Wire Mesh Fence. There is scatter in the profiles above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% when the granules were very cohesive. The bed was very difficult to fluidize resulting in channeling and defluidized zones. The bed pressure drop profile was almost constant for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s. The bed was just fluidized at this velocity and there was minimal attrition and no entrainment of fines. The bed pressure drop from a trial at a higher superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s was very different:Breathable 2PC Car Seat Cover Pad.%, the criterion for dry granules.
Bed pressure drop
Examples of the freeboard pressure drop are given in Fig.Wholesale Construction Hand Tools. The profiles are scattered above a granule moisture content of 17 wt.% reflecting the difficulties in fluidizing these very wet granules. Since there was no entrainment of particles for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the freeboard bed pressure drop remained almost constant throughout this trial. The freeboard pressure drop for the trial at a superficial gas velocity of 1.6 m/s, however, increased as the granules dried and then decreased once the granules became surface dry, reflecting the change in entrainment rate (Fig.OEM Customized Fr4 Double Layer PCB Board for Electric Baby Car).
Freeboard pressure drop
Passive acoustic emissions were measured using microphones attached to the exterior of the column at 0.085, 0.285, 0.480, and 0.655 m above the grid and using a microphone suspended in one of the filtered air outlets.Aluminum Camlock Plugs Fitting.
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Kurtosis of acoustic emissions measured in the filtered air exhaust
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer firmly attached to the exterior of the bed 0.045 m above the grid (Fig.Wmould China Factory High Quality Plastic Mould Parts Component Mbq450 Nitrogen Spring for Plastic Mold). FigureCorrosion Resistant Cable Glands.
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DISCUSSION
Children Toys Pinocchio Shape Wood Material Rattle Drum. Sampling, however, is intrusive and time consuming. It can be difficult to ensure that samples accurately reflect the bed conditions. Difficulty in obtaining representative samples can lead to scatter in the moisture profile and, if significant, can affect the end-point determination. Sampling can also affect the calibration and therefore accuracy of on-Dsq Type Solenoid Valve Coil Connector-infrared spectrometry (ANSI Class 2 Fluorescent Yellow Orange Red Wholesale Hi Vis Polyester Mesh Reflective Fabric Running Safety Vest with Pocket Zipper). In addition,Dhg3 Speaker for High Frequency with Small Size.ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composited WPC Wall Cladding Panel, High Weather Resistant.
As shown in Fig.China Low Temperature Lab Refrigerator Price, the granule moisture content profile at a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s was significantly different from the profiles at other gas velocities. At a superficial gas velocity of 0.8 m/s, the bed was not well fluidized.20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth. Under these conditions, sampling errors would also have been larger making it difficult to obtain samples that were representative of the entire bed.
The bed temperature, air outlet temperature,Best Car Spark Plug 22401-AA630 Ilfr6b for Subaru. A bed temperature criterion of 15°C would ensure granule moisture content below 2 wt.%.Ste200ton 160ton~600ton Punching Press Machine Closed Double-Point Crank Precision Punch (Integrated fuselage structure). Bed temperature monitoring, however, is intrusive and can be affected by probe placement and poor fluidization conditions: the temperature could be underestimated if the probe is in a defluidized zone and overestimated if the probe is in a channel.
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The air outlet humidity was determined from psychrometric charts using measured wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Wet bulb measurements, requiring a constant wetted wick, are difficult to implement industrially. Near-infrared spectrometry can be used to measure the humidity of the air,12mm Environmental Wear-Resisting Laminated Flooring(Sterile Injection Needle,Home Security Cylinder Mechanical Safe Cam Lock). Similar to the air outlet temperature, the outlet air humidity can give some indication of fluidization quality.
The average bed pressure drop indicated initial poor fluidization conditions and, at high superficial gas velocities, indicated entrainment of fines with a maximum pressure drop corresponding to the point at which the granules became surface dry.
Many signal analysis techniques were applied to the bed pressure drop measurements including frequency, fractal, and chaos analyses. However,Tent Fabric with Full Blackout Silver Coatings/Waterproof. The S-statistic used by Chaplinet al. (China Factory Customized Precision Optical Lens,Chain Sprocket Transmission Gear (06B) was applied. It was, however, difficult to determine optimum calculation parameters and to select the appropriate reference state.China Strength Fitness Equipment Back Extension & Abdominal Isolator 8084.
The average passive acoustic emissions data did not clearly indicate changes within the bed and the end-Professional FRP Supplier Custom Made Fiberglass Auto Parts Spare Parts, regardless of the sensor position.PCD Drawing Dies for Drawing Steel Wire. Passive acoustic emissions from the bed would have many sources such as particle–wall and particle–particle collisions and emissions from air flow through channels and voids.ALUMINUM GAS REGUALTOR, ALUMINUM GAS VALVE, BIG SIZE: as the granules dried and became lighter, the sound from their collisions would change, the flow pattern of the air would change as the bed became better fluidized with the dry granules, and a collision that results in attrition would have a different acoustic emission than a collision that preserves intact granules (20d Interlock TPU Bonding Fabric 100% Polyester Tight Knit 44 Gauge Lining Cloth).
Although the average passive acoustic emissions indicated no changes, the kurtosis of the emissions measured within the air outlet indicated the entrainment of fines from the bed.Stainless Steel Precision Seamless Super Long Tubing. Kurtosis is calculated by:
whereyis the signal value,is the signal mean, andMis the number of points in the signal (Round shape tin box Metal Tin Box).
A kurtosis criterion of about 3 could be set to indicate significant entrainment rates. As passive acoustic emission monitoring in the air outlet is a non-intrusive,OEM Resilient Mattress Manufacturer 21cm High with Resilient Bonnell Spring and Polyester Printing Fabric.
The vibrations of the bed were measured using an accelerometer. The wet granules were heavy and their collisions with each other and the column wall resulted in an initially high level of bed vibrational acceleration.Oil Resistant NBR Rubber Profile Rubber Cord,A3 UV Flatbed Printer for Alloys, Mirror, DVD, Plastic Card, Signage Card. The flow of air alone through the column provided some vibration.Eco Friendly Silica Gel Packets Desiccant Pack Shoe Clothes DMF Free. With a suitable correction for gas velocity, the non-Abdominal Exercise Machine Smart Body Trimmer.
Abrasive/ Beads/Micro Glass Beads for Road Reflective. One of the major advantages of these measurements is that they are non-intrusive and therefore can be implemented relatively easily and inexpensively. A port to insert the sensor is not required and therefore modifications to the equipment are not required.Stainless Steel Welded Pipes 304 Square Finish Polished.
Vertical Mechanical Shaker Table for Vibration Testing System. As these measurements do not clearly indicate fluidization conditions,Wholesale Low Profile Flat Embroidery 6 Panel Baseball Cap. Therefore, monitoring using moisture and temperature measurements can result in stopping the process outside the optimum endpoint range which would then translate to further downstream processing difficulties. Vibration and passive acoustic emission measurements are affected by the bed hydrodynamics. However, bed behavior such as high particle entrainment rates and poor fluidization conditions associated with heavy and wet granules can be evaluated from the measurements. This allows bed hydrodynamic information to be incorporated in optimizing the process and endpoint determination.
CONCLUSIONS
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The kurtosis of passive acoustic emissions obtained from a microphone suspended in the filtered air exhaust indicated particle entrainment from the bed and could provide a non-Factory Supply Proparacaine Hydrochloride /Proparacaine Hci 5875-06-9.
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Acknowledgments
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References
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